UNIT 2: Cell Structure - Subcellular components Flashcards
What 2 subunits are ribosomes composed of?
1) Ribosome large subunit
2) Ribosome small subunit
What do all living cells contain?
A genome and ribosomes
According to what do Ribosomes synthesize proteins?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
What are ribosomes made of?
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins
Are ribosomes membrane enclosed
?
no
a cell specialized for the synthesis of proteins destined to be secreted outside the cell
The rough endoplasmic reticulum
packages and synthesizes proteins made from the ribosomes to export from the cell
Rough ER
Transforms chemical energy (carbohydrates ex: glucose) into cellular energy (ATP)
Mitochondria
True or False:
Mitochondria has a double membrane
True
this organelle digests macromolecules via enzymes
Lysosomes
this organelle receives, modifies, and packages proteins
Golgi Aparatus
This organelle creates lipids, stores calcium, and detoxifies toxic compounds
Smooth ER (smooth like butter=lipids)
This organelle is used for the storage of water, waste, sugar, pigment molecules, and poisonous waste
Vacuole (keyword: store)
Why is the larger surface area of the rough ER important to the cell?
The rough ER synthesizes soluble and integral membrane proteins destined for secretion or to be used by other organelles
What is the functional significance of rRNA in ribosomes?
rRNA serves as a catalytic component within the ribosome, facilitating peptide bond formation between amino acids
What is the significance of the chloroplasts double membrane? (function)
it helps regulate the transport of molecules into and out of the chloroplast, controlling metabolic processes (photosynthesis)
What is the functional significance of the convoluted folded shape of the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)
It allows for more electron transport chains and ATP synthase to fit, which allows for faster ATP regeneration.
Why did the structural arrangement of thylakoids within chloroplasts evolve? (vertical stacks of grana)
Plants with this trait could capture more photons and make more carbs
Cycle that uses either ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrate molecules (carbon dioxide reactant)
Calvin Benson Cycle
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
the production of ATP by ATP synthase using a proton gradient established by an electron transport chain.
The vacuole displaces large amounts of ____________, which reduces internal volume but leaves surface area unaffected, causing a larger surface area to cytoplasm ratio.
Cytoplasm
What would be a consequence of the destruction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The cells would no longer be able to grow in size via the addition of membrane phospholipids
What organelles are theorized to have once been free-living prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What type of prokaryotic cell was early mitochondrion?
free-living aerobic prokaryote
What type of prokaryotic cell were early chloroplasts?
free-living photosynthetic prokaryote
What is some evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once prokaryotes?
- double membranes
- own DNA
- have ribosomes
- reproduce independently
What organelles do prokaryotes have?
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
What organelles so (some) eukaryotes have?
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- golgi apparatus -
- cytoplasm
- rough and smooth ER
- ribosomes
- chloroplasts
- mitochondria
- vacuole
What is the function of lysosomes?
tiny sacs of enzymes that act as the cell’s garbage disposal, breaking down unwanted materials and recycling them for reuse.
What organelle has the role of intracellular digestion?
Lysosomes
Where is ETC found?
In thylakoids and mitochondria
