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AP Biology > UNIT 2: Cell Structure - Subcellular components > Flashcards

UNIT 2: Cell Structure - Subcellular components Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 subunits are ribosomes composed of?

A

1) Ribosome large subunit
2) Ribosome small subunit

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2
Q

What do all living cells contain?

A

A genome and ribosomes

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3
Q

According to what do Ribosomes synthesize proteins?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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4
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and proteins

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5
Q

Are ribosomes membrane enclosed
?

A

no

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6
Q

a cell specialized for the synthesis of proteins destined to be secreted outside the cell

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

packages and synthesizes proteins made from the ribosomes to export from the cell

A

Rough ER

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8
Q

Transforms chemical energy (carbohydrates ex: glucose) into cellular energy (ATP)

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

True or False:

Mitochondria has a double membrane

A

True

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10
Q

this organelle digests macromolecules via enzymes

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

this organelle receives, modifies, and packages proteins

A

Golgi Aparatus

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12
Q

This organelle creates lipids, stores calcium, and detoxifies toxic compounds

A

Smooth ER (smooth like butter=lipids)

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13
Q

This organelle is used for the storage of water, waste, sugar, pigment molecules, and poisonous waste

A

Vacuole (keyword: store)

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14
Q

Why is the larger surface area of the rough ER important to the cell?

A

The rough ER synthesizes soluble and integral membrane proteins destined for secretion or to be used by other organelles

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15
Q

What is the functional significance of rRNA in ribosomes?

A

rRNA serves as a catalytic component within the ribosome, facilitating peptide bond formation between amino acids

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16
Q

What is the significance of the chloroplasts double membrane? (function)

A

it helps regulate the transport of molecules into and out of the chloroplast, controlling metabolic processes (photosynthesis)

17
Q

What is the functional significance of the convoluted folded shape of the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

A

It allows for more electron transport chains and ATP synthase to fit, which allows for faster ATP regeneration.

18
Q

Why did the structural arrangement of thylakoids within chloroplasts evolve? (vertical stacks of grana)

A

Plants with this trait could capture more photons and make more carbs

19
Q

Cycle that uses either ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrate molecules (carbon dioxide reactant)

A

Calvin Benson Cycle

20
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the production of ATP by ATP synthase using a proton gradient established by an electron transport chain.

21
Q

The vacuole displaces large amounts of ____________, which reduces internal volume but leaves surface area unaffected, causing a larger surface area to cytoplasm ratio.

A

Cytoplasm

22
Q

What would be a consequence of the destruction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

The cells would no longer be able to grow in size via the addition of membrane phospholipids

23
Q

What organelles are theorized to have once been free-living prokaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

24
Q

What type of prokaryotic cell was early mitochondrion?

A

free-living aerobic prokaryote

25
Q

What type of prokaryotic cell were early chloroplasts?

A

free-living photosynthetic prokaryote

26
Q

What is some evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once prokaryotes?

A
  • double membranes
  • own DNA
  • have ribosomes
  • reproduce independently
27
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleoid
28
Q

What organelles so (some) eukaryotes have?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • golgi apparatus -
  • cytoplasm
  • rough and smooth ER
  • ribosomes
  • chloroplasts
  • mitochondria
  • vacuole
29
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

tiny sacs of enzymes that act as the cell’s garbage disposal, breaking down unwanted materials and recycling them for reuse.

30
Q

What organelle has the role of intracellular digestion?

A

Lysosomes

31
Q

Where is ETC found?

A

In thylakoids and mitochondria

AP Biology (2 decks)

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