UNIT 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards
Topics: Macromolecules, Water Properties & Bonding, Structures
What gives H2O its properties?
Polarity and Hydrogen bonding
What is a covalent bond?
the sharing of electrons
What is a result of H2O’s polarity?
WEAK hydrogen bonds
What is COhesion?
Water makes hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
When water H bonds to another water molecule
COhesion
What is ADhesion?
When water H-bonds to charged molecules
What gives water it’s 5 emergent properties?
Cohesion & Adhesion
What are water’s 5 emergent properties that benefit living systems?
1) High surface tension
2) Capillary action
3) High heat capacity
4) Density in 3 states (ice floats)
5) high solvency
What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed”
Where does the energy that living systems use come from?
The energy stored in chemical bonds
What is needed to make new molecules?
Atoms and molecules from the ENVIRONMENT
What biological molecules contain Carbon?
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids
4) Lipids
What biological molecules contain Nitrogen?
1) Proteins
2) Nucleic Acids
What biological molecules contain Phosphorus?
1) Nucleic acids
2) Sometimes Lipids
C,H,O = _________
Carbohydrates
C,H,O,N = ________
Proteins
C,H,O,(P) = ________
Lipids
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleic Acids
What is a monomer?
A chemical subunit used to create POLYMERS
What is a polymer?
A macromolecule made of many monomers
What type of bond is used to connect monomers to form polymers?
Covalent Bonds
Monomer : Polymer
__________ : Carbohydrates (disaccharide, polysaccharide)
Monosaccharide
Monomer : Polymer
Monosaccharide: ____________
Carbohydrate
- polysaccharide
- disaccharide
Monomer : Polymer
__________ : Protein
Amino Acid
Monomer : Polymer
Amino Acid: _______
Protein
Monomer : Polymer
Nucleotide : __________
Nucleic Acid
Monomer : Polymer
_____________ : Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
What does Dehydration Synthesis create?
a macromolecule + H2O
What does Hydrolysis do?
Polymers are split/cleaved into monomers (breaks covalent bonds) and the water molecule is hydrolyzed into OH and H and added to a different monomer
What does HYDROLYZED mean?
to be broken down
Monomer : Polymer
Fatty Acid : ______
Lipids
__________ : Lipids
Fatty Acids
Which Polymer/Macromolecule has no true monomer?
Lipids
What are the functions of carbohydrates
- quick energy
- cell wall component
What type of bonds do proteins form?
peptide bonds (covalent)
what are the functions of proteins?
- structural
- enzymes (catalyze reactions)
what are the functions of lipids?
- storage
- cell membrane = PHOSPHOLIPID
- insulation and protection (FATS!)
- long term energy
What is saturated fat?
- SINGLE bonds
- SOLID at room temp
What is unsaturated fat?
- DOUBLE bonds
- LIQUID at room temp
What ratio are Carb’s CHO?
1:2:1
What are nucleotides made up of?
- 5 carbon sugar (CHO)
- P (phosphate)
- N base
Nucleic acid bonds?
covalent -> phosphodiester to build backbone
hydrogen -> holds n base together
functions of nucleic acids?
-stores and transmits genetic info
What are the 2 parts of a phospholipid?
1) polar head region
2) nonpolar tail region
which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
polar head region
What are the directionalities of amino acids?
1) Amino terminus
2) Carboxyl terminus
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Polypeptide
what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
nonpolar tail region
What is a polypeptide and what does it do?
consists of a specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve
What are R groups?
“side groups”
- atoms attached to the central atom
What polymer do R-groups belong to?
Proteins
This group can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or ionic = ________
R groups
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
what are some subunits (monomer replacements) for lipids?
- fatty acids
- glycerol
Lipid’s fatty acid components determine function and structure based on ________
Saturation
- saturated = single bonds
- unsaturated = double bonds
membranes contain ______ and ______
lipids (phospholipids) & proteins
what regions of phospholipids and proteins can interact with each other and water environments?
hydroPHILIC
What region of phospholipids and membrane proteins can interact with each other but not the water environments?
hydroPHOBIC
PROTEINS :
_______ determines the ________
Structure determines the function
Protein Structure formed by the actual sequence of amino acids in a given protein (determined by DNA)
Primary Structure
This protein structure is held together by a covalent bond (peptide bond)
Primary Structure
What two structures have NO functionality?
Primary and Secondary
What structure is formed when the primary structure is folded and/or twisted?
Secondary structure
What protein structure is held together by hydrogen bonds?
Secondary Structure
What two forms take shape depending on the properties of the R groups of amino acids in a protein structure?
1) a (alpha) helix
2) B (beta) pleated sheets
What protein structure is formed when the secondary structure folds yet again?
Tertiary
Tertiary structure:
held together by various interactions between amino acid side chains (4) :
1) Disulfide bridges
- covalent bonds formed between 2 cysteine amino acids (contains sulfur)
2) Weak interactions betwen + & - charged side groups
3) Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic interactions
4) hydrogen bonds
This protein structure is formed when 2+ polypeptide chains (tertiary structures) link together to give the protein its specific function
Quaternary structure
DNA is a polymer containing 2 strands, each strand in an anti-parallel _______ direction
5’ - 3’
Adenine & Thymine base pairs held together by ____ __________
2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine & Cytosine base paors are held together by ____ _________
3 hydrogen bonds
What does the linear sequence of nucleotides do?
encodes biological inofrmation
What is meant by anti-parallel structure in DNA (5’-3’)
Strands 5’ & 3’ run parallel to each other in opposite directions
During the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers, nucleotides can only be added to what end of a growing strand?
3’
What type of bond is used to connect free nucleotides to a 3’ strand?
Covalent
