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AP Biology > UNIT 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Topics: Macromolecules, Water Properties & Bonding, Structures

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1
Q

What gives H2O its properties?

A

Polarity and Hydrogen bonding

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2
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

the sharing of electrons

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3
Q

What is a result of H2O’s polarity?

A

WEAK hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

What is COhesion?

A

Water makes hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

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5
Q

When water H bonds to another water molecule

A

COhesion

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6
Q

What is ADhesion?

A

When water H-bonds to charged molecules

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7
Q

What gives water it’s 5 emergent properties?

A

Cohesion & Adhesion

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8
Q

What are water’s 5 emergent properties that benefit living systems?

A

1) High surface tension
2) Capillary action
3) High heat capacity
4) Density in 3 states (ice floats)
5) high solvency

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9
Q

What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?

A

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed”

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10
Q

Where does the energy that living systems use come from?

A

The energy stored in chemical bonds

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11
Q

What is needed to make new molecules?

A

Atoms and molecules from the ENVIRONMENT

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12
Q

What biological molecules contain Carbon?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids
4) Lipids

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13
Q

What biological molecules contain Nitrogen?

A

1) Proteins
2) Nucleic Acids

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14
Q

What biological molecules contain Phosphorus?

A

1) Nucleic acids
2) Sometimes Lipids

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15
Q

C,H,O = _________

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

C,H,O,N = ________

A

Proteins

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17
Q

C,H,O,(P) = ________

A

Lipids

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18
Q

C,H,O,N,P

A

Nucleic Acids

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19
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A chemical subunit used to create POLYMERS

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20
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A macromolecule made of many monomers

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21
Q

What type of bond is used to connect monomers to form polymers?

A

Covalent Bonds

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22
Q

Monomer : Polymer

__________ : Carbohydrates (disaccharide, polysaccharide)

A

Monosaccharide

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23
Q

Monomer : Polymer

Monosaccharide: ____________

A

Carbohydrate
- polysaccharide
- disaccharide

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24
Q

Monomer : Polymer

__________ : Protein

A

Amino Acid

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25
Q

Monomer : Polymer

Amino Acid: _______

A

Protein

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26
Q

Monomer : Polymer

Nucleotide : __________

A

Nucleic Acid

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27
Q

Monomer : Polymer

_____________ : Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotide

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28
Q

What does Dehydration Synthesis create?

A

a macromolecule + H2O

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29
Q

What does Hydrolysis do?

A

Polymers are split/cleaved into monomers (breaks covalent bonds) and the water molecule is hydrolyzed into OH and H and added to a different monomer

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30
Q

What does HYDROLYZED mean?

A

to be broken down

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31
Q

Monomer : Polymer

Fatty Acid : ______

A

Lipids

32
Q

__________ : Lipids

A

Fatty Acids

33
Q

Which Polymer/Macromolecule has no true monomer?

A

Lipids

34
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates

A
  • quick energy
  • cell wall component
35
Q

What type of bonds do proteins form?

A

peptide bonds (covalent)

36
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A
  • structural
  • enzymes (catalyze reactions)
37
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A
  • storage
  • cell membrane = PHOSPHOLIPID
  • insulation and protection (FATS!)
  • long term energy
38
Q

What is saturated fat?

A
  • SINGLE bonds
  • SOLID at room temp
39
Q

What is unsaturated fat?

A
  • DOUBLE bonds
  • LIQUID at room temp
40
Q

What ratio are Carb’s CHO?

A

1:2:1

41
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • 5 carbon sugar (CHO)
  • P (phosphate)
  • N base
42
Q

Nucleic acid bonds?

A

covalent -> phosphodiester to build backbone

hydrogen -> holds n base together

43
Q

functions of nucleic acids?

A

-stores and transmits genetic info

44
Q

What are the 2 parts of a phospholipid?

A

1) polar head region
2) nonpolar tail region

45
Q

which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

polar head region

45
Q

What are the directionalities of amino acids?

A

1) Amino terminus
2) Carboxyl terminus

46
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Polypeptide

46
Q

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

nonpolar tail region

46
Q

What is a polypeptide and what does it do?

A

consists of a specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve

47
Q

What are R groups?

A

“side groups”
- atoms attached to the central atom

48
Q

What polymer do R-groups belong to?

A

Proteins

49
Q

This group can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or ionic = ________

A

R groups

50
Q

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

51
Q

what are some subunits (monomer replacements) for lipids?

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
52
Q

Lipid’s fatty acid components determine function and structure based on ________

A

Saturation
- saturated = single bonds
- unsaturated = double bonds

53
Q

membranes contain ______ and ______

A

lipids (phospholipids) & proteins

54
Q

what regions of phospholipids and proteins can interact with each other and water environments?

A

hydroPHILIC

55
Q

What region of phospholipids and membrane proteins can interact with each other but not the water environments?

A

hydroPHOBIC

56
Q

PROTEINS :
_______ determines the ________

A

Structure determines the function

57
Q

Protein Structure formed by the actual sequence of amino acids in a given protein (determined by DNA)

A

Primary Structure

58
Q

This protein structure is held together by a covalent bond (peptide bond)

A

Primary Structure

59
Q

What two structures have NO functionality?

A

Primary and Secondary

60
Q

What structure is formed when the primary structure is folded and/or twisted?

A

Secondary structure

61
Q

What protein structure is held together by hydrogen bonds?

A

Secondary Structure

62
Q

What two forms take shape depending on the properties of the R groups of amino acids in a protein structure?

A

1) a (alpha) helix
2) B (beta) pleated sheets

63
Q

What protein structure is formed when the secondary structure folds yet again?

A

Tertiary

64
Q

Tertiary structure:

held together by various interactions between amino acid side chains (4) :

A

1) Disulfide bridges
- covalent bonds formed between 2 cysteine amino acids (contains sulfur)

2) Weak interactions betwen + & - charged side groups

3) Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic interactions

4) hydrogen bonds

65
Q

This protein structure is formed when 2+ polypeptide chains (tertiary structures) link together to give the protein its specific function

A

Quaternary structure

66
Q

DNA is a polymer containing 2 strands, each strand in an anti-parallel _______ direction

A

5’ - 3’

67
Q

Adenine & Thymine base pairs held together by ____ __________

A

2 hydrogen bonds

68
Q

Guanine & Cytosine base paors are held together by ____ _________

A

3 hydrogen bonds

69
Q

What does the linear sequence of nucleotides do?

A

encodes biological inofrmation

70
Q

What is meant by anti-parallel structure in DNA (5’-3’)

A

Strands 5’ & 3’ run parallel to each other in opposite directions

71
Q

During the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers, nucleotides can only be added to what end of a growing strand?

A

3’

72
Q

What type of bond is used to connect free nucleotides to a 3’ strand?

A

Covalent

AP Biology (2 decks)

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