Unit 2: Cell Structure Flashcards
Cells
Smallest unit of life that makes up all organisms.
Prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Cells that contain a nucleus embedded in the nuclear membrane.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures located in the nucleus that contain DNA.
Organelles
Specialized structures within a cell that has to perform structures for that cell.
Nucleolus
spherical like structure that produces and assembles ribosomes.
Ribosomes
Structure made of RNA and protein, it’s the site of protein synthesis.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm, studded with ribosomes all around. Main function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm. Main function is to detoxify the cell, and to make lipids.
Cisternae
Sacs that make up E.R.
Autophagy
The process in which lysosomes regulate the disposal of cellular waste.
Lysosomes
Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers
Peroxisomes
Organelles that carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen
Golgi
Processes and packages protein
Nucleus
Membrane-enclosed organelle that contains DNA
Vacuoles
Takes in and gets rid of waste
Mitochondria
Creates ATP
Chloroplast
Convert light energy to chemical energy
Stroma
Tissue that gives er our body structure/support to other tissues
Microfilaments
double-stranded molecules of polymerized fibrous actin
Cilia
Move microbes in/out of the airway
Actin
multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments
Flagella
Bacterial locomotion
Plasma Membrane
Separates the interior from the exterior, used for support and protection
Krebs Cycle
Series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA
Electron Transport Chain
Collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy.
Calvin Cycle
Chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.
Light Reactions
Photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy.
Endosymbiotic theory
Two organism live inside one another
Photosynthesis
Process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy, fuels metabolism.
Amphipathic
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
Fluid Mosaic Model
description of the structure of the plasma membrane
Integral Proteins
protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
Peripheral Proteins
proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane
Glycolipids
carbohydrate-attached lipids
Glycoprotein
Proteins containing glycans attached to amino acid side chains
Hydrophilic
Loves water
Hydrophobic
Doesn’t like water
Selective Permeability
Allows select molecules to transport across the membrane
Polar
Uneven distribution of electrons
Nonpolar
Even distribution of electrons
Charged
Something that experiences an electrostatic attraction/repulsion
Passive Transport
Transport that does not require energy to move substances
Active Transport
Transport that does require energy to move substances
Concentration Gradient
Solutes moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles.
Endocytosis
ingestion of large particles and the uptake of fluids or macromolecules in small vesicles.
Diffusion
net movement from high concentration to low
Exocytosis
Transports molecules out of the cell
Pinocytosis
process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules
Facilitated Diffusion
passive transport that uses specialized proteins
Carrier Proteins
Membrane protein involved in the movement of molecules across a biological membrane.
Channel Proteins
Membrane protein involved in the movement of molecules across a biological membrane.
Aquaporins
Allows for efficient net movement of water, assists in osmosis
Osmosis
diffusion of simply water
Tonicity
Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient;
Hypertonic
Has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.
Isotonic
Has a same amount of solute than another solution
Hypotonic
Has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.
Osmoregulation
Active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism’s body fluids
Plasmolysis
cells lose water in a hypertonic solution
Turgid
Swollen
