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AP BIO > AP BIO Unit 5- Heredity > Flashcards

AP BIO Unit 5- Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of heredity

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3
Q

Mutations

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

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4
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

one set of maternal, and one set of paternal chromosomes form together.

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5
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that doesn’t involve the fusion of gametes

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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that does involve fusion of sperm and egg that creates a zygote.

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

Someone’s complete set of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Any cell that isn’t a sex cell

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9
Q

Gametic Cell

A

Sex cell

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10
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Haploid

A

One set of chromosomes

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12
Q

Autosome

A

Chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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13
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

Chromosome that involves sex determination

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14
Q

Life Cycle

A

Sequence of biological changes from the zygote to living human, to death, in terms of humans.

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15
Q

Zygote

A

Fusion of sperm and egg to make a diploid cell

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16
Q

Genetics

A

Branch of biology consisting of inheritance, DNA variations and their interactions between them.

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17
Q

Clones

A

Genetically identical cells.

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that takes two parent cells and makes 4 genetically unique cells.

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19
Q

Synapsis

A

Fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

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20
Q

Chiasmata

A

Structure that holds tetrads together.

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20
Q

Tetrad

A

consist of two homologous chromosomes, with a total of four sister chromatids

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21
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchanging of genetic material

22
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Different genes separate independently when reproductive cells develop.

23
Q

True Breeding

A

Homozygous for the traits

24
Q

P Generation

A

Parental Generation

25
Q

F1 Generation

A

Offspring of P Generation

26
Q

F2 Generation

A

Offspring of F1 generation

27
Q

Punnett Squares

A

Ways to cross for certain traits and find its possible phenotype and genotype

28
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.

29
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two genes.

30
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable expression of a gene

31
Q

The Multiplication Rule

A

p(a+b) = p(a) + p(b)

32
Q

Law of Segregation

A

alleles segregate randomly into gametes

33
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

34
Q

The Addition Rule

A

probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur can be ascertained by the addition of their individual probabilities.

35
Q

Recessive Alleles

A

When present on its own will not affect the individual.

36
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both recessive and dominants, dominant will be expressed

37
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic expression, hereditary information

38
Q

Dominant

A

what will be expressed if the individual has it.

39
Q

Homozygous

A

same alleles.

40
Q

Pedigrees

A

Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance.

41
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is fully dominant

42
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Characteristic influenced by more than 2 genes

43
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Different versions of a trait that exist in a population

44
Q

Epistasis

A

expression of one gene is modified

45
Q

X-linked

A

Disorder on the X chromosome

46
Q

Codominance

A

Where two alleles are expressed at the same time

47
Q

Y-linked

A

Disorder on the Y chromosome

48
Q

Hemizygous

A

Only one copy of a gene instead of the usual 2

49
Q

Barr body

A

Condensed, inactivated X chromosomes that are typically found exclusively in female mammals.

50
Q

Recombinants

A

expressed genes that don’t look like the parents

51
Q

Linkage map

A

location of genetic markers on a chromosome

52
Q

Chi Square

A

Statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables.

AP BIO (3 decks)

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