Unit 2: Cell Biology 2 Flashcards
What can energy be used for?
Muscle cell contraction
Cell division
Protein synthesis
Transmission of nerve Impulses
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)
What does ATP do?
Cells cannot use glucose directly to provide energy so ATP transfers the chemical energy from the glucose to the cell.
How is ATP formed?
ATP is formed when ADP and an inorganic phosphate are joined together by a chemical bond.
This bind acts like an energy store and when the energy is require the bond is broke to release it.
Where does the energy move?
Glucose + oxygen — ATP — Proteins
What is stage 1 and 2 called in aerobic respiration and where do they take place?
Stage 1: Glycolysis, in the cytoplasm
Stage 2, in mitochondria in the presence of oxygen
What happens in stage 1 and 2 of aerobic respiration?
Stage 1: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate whilst some ATP is being produced in the cytoplasm
Then in the presence of oxygen
Stage 2: through enzyme controlled reactions pyruvate is broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water whilst lots of ATP is made in the mitochondria.
What is respiration measured by?
A respirometer
What happens in the respirometer?
In the experimental set up the coloured liquid creates a sealed environment that the snail is in. As the snail respires it will use up some of the available oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. As the liquid in the bottom of the test tube absorbs the carbon dioxide the pressure inside the equipment decreases and the liquid is drawn up the tube.
What is a control?
It allows a fair comparison
What is the control for a respirometer?
Replace the snail with a glass or plastic bead the same mass as the snail to check it is the snail respiring which is causing the liquid level to rise
Why does fermentation occur?
It occurs after stage 1 of respiration in the absence of oxygen
What happens during fermentation in an animal cell?
Pyruvate is turned into lactate and it can be reversed when oxygen debt had been repaid
What happens during fermentation in an plant and yeast cell?
Pyruvate is turned into ethanol and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell so it is irreversible
