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Bio Honors > Unit 2: Carbon Systems > Flashcards

Unit 2: Carbon Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2.1: Photosynthesis

A
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2
Q

What are all living/nonliving things made up of

A

matter + atoms

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3
Q

Atom (definition)

A

smallest basic unit of matter

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4
Q

Basic structure of atoms

A

nucleus (protons - positive charge, neutrons)
electron (negative charge) cloud

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5
Q

Element (definition)

A

substance made up of one type of atom and cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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6
Q

What do all atoms of an element have

A

a specific number of protons that is different from every other element

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7
Q

Stable atoms (definition)

A

have the same number of electrons as protons

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8
Q

Charged atoms (definition)

A

atoms that are unstable - don’t have the same number of electrons as protons

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9
Q

What do unstable atoms tend to do

A

bond with other atoms –> become more stable

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10
Q

How do chemical bonds form

A

when electrons are transferred/shared between atoms

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11
Q

Compounds (definition)

A

substances composed of atoms of two or more different elements bonded together in specific ratios

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12
Q

What does the chemical formula of an element show

A

the number of atoms present for each element

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13
Q

Molecule (definition)

A

two or more atoms bounded by shared electrons

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14
Q

What occurs if the ratios of a compound changes

A

a new compound with new properties result
(same elements are still present)

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15
Q

Chemical reactions (definition)

A

change materials into different substances by breaking chemical bonds and reforming new ones (rearranging atoms in the process)

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16
Q

Reactants (definition)

A

initial substances in a chemical reaction

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17
Q

What occurs as reaction proceeds

A

bond of the reactants are broken –> rearranged to form the products of the reaction

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18
Q

Compare and contrast products of reaction vs reactants

A
  1. different properties
  2. same atoms, but rearranged
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19
Q

Chemical equations (definition)

A

model what happens in a chemical reaction

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20
Q

On which side are the reactants and products

A

reactants: left side of the equation
products: right side of the equation

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21
Q

Are atoms ever created or destroyed in chemical reactions

A

no, only rearranged

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22
Q

How do chemical reactions involve changes in energy

A
  • reactants must absorb energy to break their chemical bonds
  • new bonds form to make the products, energy is released
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23
Q

What determines whether a chemical reaction absorbs or releases more energy

A

the bond energy of the reactants and products

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24
Q

Carbon cycle (definition)

A

the process through which carbon atoms continually cycle through organisms, the biosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere

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25
Q

Carbon (definition)

A

the basis of most molecules that make up organisms and is involved in nearly all of the processes that support life

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26
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon form

A

up to 4

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27
Q

What types of bonds can carbon form

A

single, double, or even triple bonds

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28
Q

What elements is carbon commonly bonded to in organic molecules

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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29
Q

3 types of carbon-based molecule structures

A
  1. straight chain
  2. branched chain
  3. ring
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30
Q

4 main groups of carbon-based compounds

A
  1. lipids
  2. proteins
  3. nucleic acids
  4. carbohydrates
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31
Q

What elements do lipids contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - made of fatty acids

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32
Q

Examples of lipids

A

fats and oils

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33
Q

2 functions of lipids

A
  1. storing energy
  2. make up structures such as cell membranes
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34
Q

What elements do proteins contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen - long chains of amino acids

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35
Q

2 functions of proteins

A
  1. comprise body structures (e.g. muscles)
  2. carry out functions (e.g. relaying messages + transporting molecules throughout body)
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36
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of

A

nucleotides - composed of sugars, nitrogen-containing bases, and phosphates

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37
Q

What do nucleic acids carry

A

genetic information (important for reproduction + heredity)

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38
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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39
Q

What are carbohydrates a source of

A

energy

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40
Q

2 examples of carbohydrates

A

sugars and starches

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41
Q

Monosaccharides (definition)

A

most basic carbohydrates that are simple sugars

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42
Q

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides typically contain

A

5-6 carbon atoms

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43
Q

Polysaccharides (definition)

A

simple sugars binding together to make large carbohydrates

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44
Q

Disaccharide (definition)

A

type of polysaccharide with two sugars joined together

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45
Q

What is the energy in carbohydrate molecules released for

A

essential cell processes

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46
Q

What part of complex carbohydrates cannot be broken down by the digestive system

A

cellulose

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47
Q

Where does energy for every chemical reaction in living things come from

A

ATP

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48
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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49
Q

Subunits of ATP

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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50
Q

What part of ATP stores the energy

A

high-energy bonds between phosphate groups stores chemical energy in a form cell can use

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51
Q

Carbon compound anchor of ATP

A

ribose

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52
Q

How do cells make ATP

A

using energy from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules

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53
Q

How does ATP transfer energy

A

by transferring one of its phosphate groups to another molecule - bond being broken –> release of energy

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54
Q

ADP (definition)

A

lower-energy molecule: adenosine diphosphate

55
Q

How do plants produce energy

A

capture light energy –? convert it to chemical energy to carry out cell processes

56
Q

What form does the chemical energy take in plants

A

bonds in sugar molecules

57
Q

Which organisms use photosynthesis

A

plants, algae, and some bacteria

58
Q

Photosynthesis (definition)

A

the process of capturing + transforming light energy from the sun and storing it in high-energy sugar molecules

59
Q

Do both plant and animal cells use photosynthesis sugars as an energy source

A

yes

60
Q

How does photosynthesis help regulate Earth’s environment

A

by producing the oxygen we breathe and removing carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere

61
Q

What must be present for reaction to take place (2)

A

lights + enzymes

62
Q

Reactants of photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide and water

63
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

oxygen and glucose

64
Q

What do plants use glucose for

A

to form complex carbohydrates (ex: starch and cellulose) –> plant growth + maintenance

65
Q

Light (definition)

A

form of energy known as electromagnetic radiation

66
Q

How does electromagnetic radiation travel

A

in waves of various lengths

67
Q

Which wavelengths do plants absorb for photosynthesis

A

certain colors of visible light

68
Q

What determines color of light

A

different wavelengths of visible light

69
Q

Where does light absorption/photosynthesis take place inside plant cells

A

chloroplast

70
Q

Thylakoids (definition)

A

disk-shaped sacs inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast

71
Q

Chlorophyll (definition)

A

pigment molecules contained within thylakoids

72
Q

What do different types of chlorophyll abosrb

A

different wavelengths of light

73
Q

How is a plant’s pigment determined

A

it is the color of the unabsorbed wavelengths reflected from the chlorophyll

74
Q

What type of gases was the atmosphere made up of billions of years ago

A

methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide

75
Q

What occurred 3.5 billion years ago

A

cyanobacteria evolved

76
Q

Cyanobacteria (definition)

A

aquatic, single-celled photosynthetic organisms

77
Q

What occurred 2.3 billion years ago

A

cyanobacteria began using visible light –> produce oxygen during photosynthesis

78
Q

How did cyanobacteria contribute significant amounts of oxygen

A

because they were so abundant/diverse

79
Q

Great Oxidation Event (definition)

A

change in atmospheric concentration

80
Q

What occurred 300 million years ago / at the end of the Carboniferous period

A

oxygen levels peaked again

81
Q

How do cyanobacteria grow

A

in mats

82
Q

Stromatolites (definition)

A

unique mounds formed by mats

83
Q

When were stromatolites forming

A

3.5 billion years ago

84
Q

What environment did the first cyanobacteria live in

A

oxygen-poor (anaerobic) environment

85
Q

What occurred as cyanobacteria photosynthesized

A

depleted surrounding water of carbon dioxide and increased oxygen concentration

86
Q

How are iron-rich deposit layers formed

A

in a reaction when free oxygen (produced by cyanobacteria) react with elements in the ocean (e.g. iron) and become trapped in rock layers

87
Q

Banded iron formations (definition)

A

iron-rich deposit layers

88
Q

What evidence do banded iron formations provide

A

evidence needed to make conclusions about atmospheric O2 concentration changes over time

89
Q

How much of the O2 in the atmosphere do the single-celled aquatic organisms produce

A

about half

90
Q

What else does the oxygen from photosynthesis form

A

the ozone layer - protects life from harmful UV

91
Q

Electrons (definition)

A

negatively charged particles in atoms

92
Q

ions (definition)

A

charged atoms or molecules

93
Q

How do ions form

A

when a compound is split into its separate atoms and certain atoms lose/gain an electron

94
Q

What can electrons move through

A

tiny spaces such as cell structure

95
Q

What is energy from the electrons used to make

A

molecules that act as energy carriers

96
Q

2 examples of energy carriers in photosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

97
Q

Between what do ATP and NADPH transfer energy

A

the two stages of photosynthesis

98
Q

2 main stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. light-dependent reactions
  2. light-independent reactions
99
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction take place

A

thylakoid membrane

100
Q

Where does the light-independent reactions take place

A

stroma

101
Q

2.2: Cellular Respiration

A
102
Q

Fuel (definition)

A

any material that reacts with other materials to release energy to be used for work

103
Q

What differs between each type of fuel

A

chemical structure

104
Q

Hydrocarbons (definition)

A

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

105
Q

What is the fuel of most living things

A

glucose

106
Q

Where does most of the energy on Earth have its origin

A

the sun

107
Q

Cellular respiration (definition)

A

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

108
Q

Activation energy (definition)

A

amount of energy needed to start/activate a chemical reaction

109
Q

How are chemical reactions classified

A

the difference between the amount of energy absorbed and the amount of energy released

110
Q

Exothermic reaction (definition)

A

when a chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs

111
Q

How is the excess energy in an exothermic reaction given off (2)

A

heat or light

112
Q

Endothermic reaction (definition)

A

when a chemical reaction absorbs more energy than it releases

113
Q

How is the amount of energy in macromolecules measured

A

in kilocalories (Calories)

114
Q

Calories (definition)

A

one Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degrees Celsius

115
Q

What molecule is stored energy in glucose transferred to in cellular respiration

A

ATP + heat

116
Q

How do plants store energy

A

convert glucose –> starch: stored in chloroplasts

117
Q

How do animals store energy

A

convert glucose –> glycogen: stored in liver/muscle tissues

118
Q

What connective tissue do animals also store fat in

A

adipose tissue

119
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

120
Q

Cristae (definition)

A

inner membrane with many folds - increases membrane surface area

121
Q

Outer membrane (definition)

A

separates the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell

122
Q

Intermembrane space (definition)

A

space between the two membranes

123
Q

What is the inner membrane embedded with

A

proteins

124
Q

Matrix (definition)

A

gel-like substance

125
Q

Why was anaerobic respiration necessary

A

life on Earth originally evolved in an environment that lacked oxygen

126
Q

How did aerobic respiration arise

A

evolution of cyanobacteria –> increase in atmospheric oxygen

127
Q

Role of organisms that use anaerobic respiration

A

can live in places where most other organisms cannot (e.g. deep sea, areas that are very hot or highly acidic)

128
Q

How is ATP made when oxygen is unavailable

A

fermentation processes

129
Q

Who proved fermentation was anaerobic

A

French scientist Lous Pasteur (1850s)

130
Q

What 2 processes does fermentation include

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. reactions that remove elections from NADH
131
Q

Role of fermentation

A

provide glycolysis process with steady supply of NAD+

132
Q

Lactic acid (definition)

A

waste product of fermentation that builds up in muscle cells –> causes burning feeling

133
Q

What occurs to lactic acid after oxygen is available again

A

cells return to cellular respiration –> lactic acid being quickly broken down + removed from cells

134
Q

Wastewater treatment*

A

Bio Honors (4 decks)

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