Unit 2: Carbon Systems Flashcards
1
Q
2.1: Photosynthesis
A
2
Q
What are all living/nonliving things made up of
A
matter + atoms
3
Q
Atom (definition)
A
smallest basic unit of matter
4
Q
Basic structure of atoms
A
nucleus (protons - positive charge, neutrons)
electron (negative charge) cloud
5
Q
Element (definition)
A
substance made up of one type of atom and cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
6
Q
What do all atoms of an element have
A
a specific number of protons that is different from every other element
7
Q
Stable atoms (definition)
A
have the same number of electrons as protons
8
Q
Charged atoms (definition)
A
atoms that are unstable - don’t have the same number of electrons as protons
9
Q
What do unstable atoms tend to do
A
bond with other atoms –> become more stable
10
Q
How do chemical bonds form
A
when electrons are transferred/shared between atoms
11
Q
Compounds (definition)
A
substances composed of atoms of two or more different elements bonded together in specific ratios
12
Q
What does the chemical formula of an element show
A
the number of atoms present for each element
13
Q
Molecule (definition)
A
two or more atoms bounded by shared electrons
14
Q
What occurs if the ratios of a compound changes
A
a new compound with new properties result
(same elements are still present)
15
Q
Chemical reactions (definition)
A
change materials into different substances by breaking chemical bonds and reforming new ones (rearranging atoms in the process)
16
Q
Reactants (definition)
A
initial substances in a chemical reaction
17
Q
What occurs as reaction proceeds
A
bond of the reactants are broken –> rearranged to form the products of the reaction
18
Q
Compare and contrast products of reaction vs reactants
A
- different properties
- same atoms, but rearranged
19
Q
Chemical equations (definition)
A
model what happens in a chemical reaction
20
Q
On which side are the reactants and products
A
reactants: left side of the equation
products: right side of the equation
21
Q
Are atoms ever created or destroyed in chemical reactions
A
no, only rearranged
22
Q
How do chemical reactions involve changes in energy
A
- reactants must absorb energy to break their chemical bonds
- new bonds form to make the products, energy is released
23
Q
What determines whether a chemical reaction absorbs or releases more energy
A
the bond energy of the reactants and products
24
Q
Carbon cycle (definition)
A
the process through which carbon atoms continually cycle through organisms, the biosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere
25
Carbon (definition)
the basis of most molecules that make up organisms and is involved in nearly all of the processes that support life
26
How many covalent bonds can carbon form
up to 4
27
What types of bonds can carbon form
single, double, or even triple bonds
28
What elements is carbon commonly bonded to in organic molecules
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
29
3 types of carbon-based molecule structures
1. straight chain
2. branched chain
3. ring
30
4 main groups of carbon-based compounds
1. lipids
2. proteins
3. nucleic acids
4. carbohydrates
31
What elements do lipids contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen - made of fatty acids
32
Examples of lipids
fats and oils
33
2 functions of lipids
1. storing energy
2. make up structures such as cell membranes
34
What elements do proteins contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen - long chains of amino acids
35
2 functions of proteins
1. comprise body structures (e.g. muscles)
2. carry out functions (e.g. relaying messages + transporting molecules throughout body)
36
What are nucleic acids made up of
nucleotides - composed of sugars, nitrogen-containing bases, and phosphates
37
What do nucleic acids carry
genetic information (important for reproduction + heredity)
38
What elements do carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
39
What are carbohydrates a source of
energy
40
2 examples of carbohydrates
sugars and starches
41
Monosaccharides (definition)
most basic carbohydrates that are simple sugars
42
How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides typically contain
5-6 carbon atoms
43
Polysaccharides (definition)
simple sugars binding together to make large carbohydrates
44
Disaccharide (definition)
type of polysaccharide with two sugars joined together
45
What is the energy in carbohydrate molecules released for
essential cell processes
46
What part of complex carbohydrates cannot be broken down by the digestive system
cellulose
47
Where does energy for every chemical reaction in living things come from
ATP
48
What does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
49
Subunits of ATP
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
50
What part of ATP stores the energy
high-energy bonds between phosphate groups stores chemical energy in a form cell can use
51
Carbon compound anchor of ATP
ribose
52
How do cells make ATP
using energy from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules
53
How does ATP transfer energy
by transferring one of its phosphate groups to another molecule - bond being broken --> release of energy
54
ADP (definition)
lower-energy molecule: adenosine diphosphate
55
How do plants produce energy
capture light energy --? convert it to chemical energy to carry out cell processes
56
What form does the chemical energy take in plants
bonds in sugar molecules
57
Which organisms use photosynthesis
plants, algae, and some bacteria
58
Photosynthesis (definition)
the process of capturing + transforming light energy from the sun and storing it in high-energy sugar molecules
59
Do both plant and animal cells use photosynthesis sugars as an energy source
yes
60
How does photosynthesis help regulate Earth's environment
by producing the oxygen we breathe and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere
61
What must be present for reaction to take place (2)
lights + enzymes
62
Reactants of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water
63
Products of photosynthesis
oxygen and glucose
64
What do plants use glucose for
to form complex carbohydrates (ex: starch and cellulose) --> plant growth + maintenance
65
Light (definition)
form of energy known as electromagnetic radiation
66
How does electromagnetic radiation travel
in waves of various lengths
67
Which wavelengths do plants absorb for photosynthesis
certain colors of visible light
68
What determines color of light
different wavelengths of visible light
69
Where does light absorption/photosynthesis take place inside plant cells
chloroplast
70
Thylakoids (definition)
disk-shaped sacs inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast
71
Chlorophyll (definition)
pigment molecules contained within thylakoids
72
What do different types of chlorophyll abosrb
different wavelengths of light
73
How is a plant's pigment determined
it is the color of the unabsorbed wavelengths reflected from the chlorophyll
74
What type of gases was the atmosphere made up of billions of years ago
methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide
75
What occurred 3.5 billion years ago
cyanobacteria evolved
76
Cyanobacteria (definition)
aquatic, single-celled photosynthetic organisms
77
What occurred 2.3 billion years ago
cyanobacteria began using visible light --> produce oxygen during photosynthesis
78
How did cyanobacteria contribute significant amounts of oxygen
because they were so abundant/diverse
79
Great Oxidation Event (definition)
change in atmospheric concentration
80
What occurred 300 million years ago / at the end of the Carboniferous period
oxygen levels peaked again
81
How do cyanobacteria grow
in mats
82
Stromatolites (definition)
unique mounds formed by mats
83
When were stromatolites forming
3.5 billion years ago
84
What environment did the first cyanobacteria live in
oxygen-poor (anaerobic) environment
85
What occurred as cyanobacteria photosynthesized
depleted surrounding water of carbon dioxide and increased oxygen concentration
86
How are iron-rich deposit layers formed
in a reaction when free oxygen (produced by cyanobacteria) react with elements in the ocean (e.g. iron) and become trapped in rock layers
87
Banded iron formations (definition)
iron-rich deposit layers
88
What evidence do banded iron formations provide
evidence needed to make conclusions about atmospheric O2 concentration changes over time
89
How much of the O2 in the atmosphere do the single-celled aquatic organisms produce
about half
90
What else does the oxygen from photosynthesis form
the ozone layer - protects life from harmful UV
91
Electrons (definition)
negatively charged particles in atoms
92
ions (definition)
charged atoms or molecules
93
How do ions form
when a compound is split into its separate atoms and certain atoms lose/gain an electron
94
What can electrons move through
tiny spaces such as cell structure
95
What is energy from the electrons used to make
molecules that act as energy carriers
96
2 examples of energy carriers in photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
97
Between what do ATP and NADPH transfer energy
the two stages of photosynthesis
98
2 main stages of photosynthesis
1. light-dependent reactions
2. light-independent reactions
99
Where does the light-dependent reaction take place
thylakoid membrane
100
Where does the light-independent reactions take place
stroma
101
2.2: Cellular Respiration
102
Fuel (definition)
any material that reacts with other materials to release energy to be used for work
103
What differs between each type of fuel
chemical structure
104
Hydrocarbons (definition)
compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
105
What is the fuel of most living things
glucose
106
Where does most of the energy on Earth have its origin
the sun
107
Cellular respiration (definition)
releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
108
Activation energy (definition)
amount of energy needed to start/activate a chemical reaction
109
How are chemical reactions classified
the difference between the amount of energy absorbed and the amount of energy released
110
Exothermic reaction (definition)
when a chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs
111
How is the excess energy in an exothermic reaction given off (2)
heat or light
112
Endothermic reaction (definition)
when a chemical reaction absorbs more energy than it releases
113
How is the amount of energy in macromolecules measured
in kilocalories (Calories)
114
Calories (definition)
one Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degrees Celsius
115
What molecule is stored energy in glucose transferred to in cellular respiration
ATP + heat
116
How do plants store energy
convert glucose --> starch: stored in chloroplasts
117
How do animals store energy
convert glucose --> glycogen: stored in liver/muscle tissues
118
What connective tissue do animals also store fat in
adipose tissue
119
Where does cellular respiration take place in eukaryotic cells
mitochondria
120
Cristae (definition)
inner membrane with many folds - increases membrane surface area
121
Outer membrane (definition)
separates the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell
122
Intermembrane space (definition)
space between the two membranes
123
What is the inner membrane embedded with
proteins
124
Matrix (definition)
gel-like substance
125
Why was anaerobic respiration necessary
life on Earth originally evolved in an environment that lacked oxygen
126
How did aerobic respiration arise
evolution of cyanobacteria --> increase in atmospheric oxygen
127
Role of organisms that use anaerobic respiration
can live in places where most other organisms cannot (e.g. deep sea, areas that are very hot or highly acidic)
128
How is ATP made when oxygen is unavailable
fermentation processes
129
Who proved fermentation was anaerobic
French scientist Lous Pasteur (1850s)
130
What 2 processes does fermentation include
1. glycolysis
2. reactions that remove elections from NADH
131
Role of fermentation
provide glycolysis process with steady supply of NAD+
132
Lactic acid (definition)
waste product of fermentation that builds up in muscle cells --> causes burning feeling
133
What occurs to lactic acid after oxygen is available again
cells return to cellular respiration --> lactic acid being quickly broken down + removed from cells
134
Wastewater treatment*
