unit 2 - body in motion Flashcards
major bones involved in movement
- cranium
- clavicle
- sternum
- humorous
- radius
- ulna
- carpals/metacarpals
- phalanges
- tarsals/metatarsals
- pelvis
major posterior bones involved in movement
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx (vertebral column)
- scapula
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- sacrum
- ribs
axial skeleton
provides supportive structure of skeleton
bones that makeup the axial skeleton
- skull
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribs
appendicular skeleton
provides the framework for movement
bones that makeup the appendicular skeleton
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder girdle
- hip girdle
synovial joints
- saddle
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- gliding
- condyloid
saddle joint
bones move side to side, back and forth
example - carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
ball and socket joint
mostly freely moving
example - shoulder
hinge joint
movement in only one direction
example - knee, elbow, ankle
pivot joint
allows only rotation
example - turning head side to side, turn hands over and back
gliding joint
limited movement by ligaments, moves in all directions
examples - joints found between small bones of hand
condyloid joint
bones can move both side to side, back and forth
example - joint between radius and carpal bones in wrist
fibrous joint action
FIXED
- held together by thin layer of strong connective tissue
- no movement between bones
example - the structure of the skull, teeth in their sockets
cartilaginous joint action
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
- attached to each other by discs and ligaments
- allow limited amount of movement
example - vertebrae joint between sacrum and hip bones
synovial joint action
FREELY MOVEABLE
- closed space or cavity between bones
- freely moveable joints
example - hinge, ball, and socket, condyloid, gliding, saddle, pivot
smooth muscle
INVOLUNTARY
found in walls of organs such as the stomach, bladder, arteries, veins
cardiac muscle
INVOLUNTARY
found in the heart
skeletal muscle
VOLUNTARY
- most common muscle type in the body
- attached to bones of skeletal system
- controlled to contract and relax
agonist muscle relationship
PRIME MOVER
- provides main force that causes desired movement
example - bicep, quadricep
antagonist muscle relationship
SECONDARY MOVER
- muscle that reacts to primary mover
- opposes/reverses a particular movement from agonists action
example - tricep, hamstring
stabliser muscle relationship
- muscle aids agonist by promoting the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movement
- helps stabilise agonist/antagonist actions
example - stabilising flexion and extension contractions
isometric muscle contraction
- muscle contracts and no movement is produced
- length of muscle stays the same
example - triceps and pectoral muscle when holding starting position for a push-up
isotonic muscle contraction (concentric/eccentric)
- muscle contracts producing enough force to move an object
- muscle shortens
- maintains tension throughout whole movement
concentric muscle contraction
muscle shortens as it contracts
example - pectoral muscles, when completing the pushing up phase of a push-up
eccentric muscle contraction
- lengthens as it contracts
example - pectoral muscles when completing the lowering phase of the push-up
function of respiratory system
definition - exchange of gases within and outside of the body
function - supplying body cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
external respiration
ventilation/breathing - gaseous exchange between organism and its environment
internal respiration
- use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by mitochondria in cytoplasm of cells
- produces energy in the form of ATP
structure of respiratory system
- nasal cavity
- mouth
- pharynx (throat)
- epiglottis
- larynx
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
major functions of respiratory system
- gas exchange between air and circulating blood
- move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs along respiratory passages
- protection from dehydration, temp changes, defending tissues from invasion of pathogens
- produces sounds for speaking, singing, etc
- detection of smell
inspiration
air movement from the atmosphere into the lungs breathing in
process - diaphragm contracts, ribs move up/down, chest expands, pressure in lungs decreases, air moves from high pressure to low pressure area, air is drawn to lungs
expiration
air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere breathing out
process - diaphragm and ribs return to their at-rest state, decreases size of chest, pressure inside lungs is high, air is forced out of lungs
gas exchange
oxygen exchange occurs in the lungs because of the high levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen
external respiration
- transfer of gas between organs (lungs) and outer environment (air)
- happens before internal respiration
- inhaling oxygen from air to lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from lungs back to air
physical process where oxygen is taken up in capillaries of lung alveoli and carbon dioxide is released from blood
internal respiration
- transfer of gas between the blood and cells
- oxygen is released to tissue or living cells and carbon dioxide is absorbed by blood
- once inside the cell, oxygen forms as ATP
main parts of circulatory system
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
role of circulatory system
transports nutrients, blood, hormones and waste to muscles and organs around body via blood stream
functions of blood (distribution)
- distribution of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) around the body
- transportation of waste products from cells to excretory sites
- transportation of hormones around the body
