unit 2 - body in motion Flashcards
major bones involved in movement
- cranium
- clavicle
- sternum
- humorous
- radius
- ulna
- carpals/metacarpals
- phalanges
- tarsals/metatarsals
- pelvis
major posterior bones involved in movement
- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx (vertebral column)
- scapula
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- sacrum
- ribs
axial skeleton
provides supportive structure of skeleton
bones that makeup the axial skeleton
- skull
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribs
appendicular skeleton
provides the framework for movement
bones that makeup the appendicular skeleton
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder girdle
- hip girdle
synovial joints
- saddle
- ball and socket
- hinge
- pivot
- gliding
- condyloid
saddle joint
bones move side to side, back and forth
example - carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb
ball and socket joint
mostly freely moving
example - shoulder
hinge joint
movement in only one direction
example - knee, elbow, ankle
pivot joint
allows only rotation
example - turning head side to side, turn hands over and back
gliding joint
limited movement by ligaments, moves in all directions
examples - joints found between small bones of hand
condyloid joint
bones can move both side to side, back and forth
example - joint between radius and carpal bones in wrist
fibrous joint action
FIXED
- held together by thin layer of strong connective tissue
- no movement between bones
example - the structure of the skull, teeth in their sockets
cartilaginous joint action
SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
- attached to each other by discs and ligaments
- allow limited amount of movement
example - vertebrae joint between sacrum and hip bones
synovial joint action
FREELY MOVEABLE
- closed space or cavity between bones
- freely moveable joints
example - hinge, ball, and socket, condyloid, gliding, saddle, pivot
smooth muscle
INVOLUNTARY
found in walls of organs such as the stomach, bladder, arteries, veins
cardiac muscle
INVOLUNTARY
found in the heart
skeletal muscle
VOLUNTARY
- most common muscle type in the body
- attached to bones of skeletal system
- controlled to contract and relax
agonist muscle relationship
PRIME MOVER
- provides main force that causes desired movement
example - bicep, quadricep
antagonist muscle relationship
SECONDARY MOVER
- muscle that reacts to primary mover
- opposes/reverses a particular movement from agonists action
example - tricep, hamstring
stabliser muscle relationship
- muscle aids agonist by promoting the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movement
- helps stabilise agonist/antagonist actions
example - stabilising flexion and extension contractions
isometric muscle contraction
- muscle contracts and no movement is produced
- length of muscle stays the same
example - triceps and pectoral muscle when holding starting position for a push-up
isotonic muscle contraction (concentric/eccentric)
- muscle contracts producing enough force to move an object
- muscle shortens
- maintains tension throughout whole movement
concentric muscle contraction
muscle shortens as it contracts
example - pectoral muscles, when completing the pushing up phase of a push-up
eccentric muscle contraction
- lengthens as it contracts
example - pectoral muscles when completing the lowering phase of the push-up
function of respiratory system
definition - exchange of gases within and outside of the body
function - supplying body cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
external respiration
ventilation/breathing - gaseous exchange between organism and its environment
internal respiration
- use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by mitochondria in cytoplasm of cells
- produces energy in the form of ATP
structure of respiratory system
- nasal cavity
- mouth
- pharynx (throat)
- epiglottis
- larynx
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
major functions of respiratory system
- gas exchange between air and circulating blood
- move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs along respiratory passages
- protection from dehydration, temp changes, defending tissues from invasion of pathogens
- produces sounds for speaking, singing, etc
- detection of smell
inspiration
air movement from the atmosphere into the lungs breathing in
process - diaphragm contracts, ribs move up/down, chest expands, pressure in lungs decreases, air moves from high pressure to low pressure area, air is drawn to lungs
expiration
air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere breathing out
process - diaphragm and ribs return to their at-rest state, decreases size of chest, pressure inside lungs is high, air is forced out of lungs
gas exchange
oxygen exchange occurs in the lungs because of the high levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen
external respiration
- transfer of gas between organs (lungs) and outer environment (air)
- happens before internal respiration
- inhaling oxygen from air to lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from lungs back to air
physical process where oxygen is taken up in capillaries of lung alveoli and carbon dioxide is released from blood
internal respiration
- transfer of gas between the blood and cells
- oxygen is released to tissue or living cells and carbon dioxide is absorbed by blood
- once inside the cell, oxygen forms as ATP
main parts of circulatory system
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
role of circulatory system
transports nutrients, blood, hormones and waste to muscles and organs around body via blood stream
functions of blood (distribution)
- distribution of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) around the body
- transportation of waste products from cells to excretory sites
- transportation of hormones around the body
functions of blood (regulation)
- maintaining normal acidity/alkaline (pH) in body tissue
- maintaining adequate fluid levels in the blood
functions of blood (protection)
- preventing blood loss through clot formation
- preventing infection through antibodies and white blood cells
components of blood
- plasma
- white blood cells
- platelets
- red blood cells
plasma
features:
- straw coloured liquid
- consists of 90% water
function:
- liquid part of blood that transports materials such as blood cells. nutrients, hormones, and gases around body
- contains mostly oxygen
white blood cells
features:
- formed in bone marrow
- change shape and move against flow of blood to area of infection
function:
- provides body with protection system against disease
- attack and destroy germs/infections as they enter body
- infection in body = more white blood cells produced
platelets
features:
- tiny structures made from bone marrow cells that have no nucleus
function:
- blood-clotting agencies that help stop bleeding
- cut skin/broken blood vessel = platelets stick to damaged blood vessel to block blood flow
red blood cells
features:
- formed in bone marrow and contain iron haemoglobin
- flat disc shaped cell that provides large surface area for taking up oxygen
function:
- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around body
- pick up oxygen from lungs and transport around body to muscles, tissues and organs, where its exchanged for carbon dioxide
- transport carbon dioxide back to lungs and exchange occurs again
heart
function -
muscular pump contracts involuntary, providing force to keep blood circulating through body
features:
- located in chest cavity between lungs and above diaphragm
- protected by ribs and sternum
- beats average 70 times per minute at rest
oxygenated blood
red (o2)
deoxygenated blood
blue (co2)
arteries
function -
transports oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (always red)
features -
- large vessels with thick, muscular walls
capillaries
function -
allow exchange of material between blood and tissue fluid
features -
- smallest blood vessels in body
- thin walls
- capillaries connect arteries to veins
veins
function -
transport carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood) back to heart via lungs
features -
- thin walls
pulmonary circulation in the heart
the flow of blood from heart to lungs and back to heart
systemic circulation in the heart
flow of blood from heart to body tissue and back to heart
blood pressure
force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
reflects the quantity of blood being pushed out of heart (cardiac output) and the ease or difficulty that blood encounters in passing through the arteries (resistance to flow)
venous return
rate of flow of blood back to heart, limiting cardiac output = effect on blood pressure
phases of blood pressure
- systolic
- diastolic
systolic blood pressure
highest (peak) pressure recorded when blood is forced into arteries during contraction of left ventricle
diastolic blood pressure
minimum/lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling
structure of heart
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- left atrium
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
- aorta
- pulmonary valve
- tricuspid valve
- aortic valve
- mitral/bicuspid valve
health related components of fitness
- cardiorespiratory endurance
- flexibility
- muscular endurance
- muscular strength
- body composition
skill related components of fitness
- muscular power
- speed
- agility
- coordination
- balance
- reaction time
cardiorespiratory endurance
fitness of heart, blood vessels, lungs
example - marathon running/long distance
flexibility
bodys ability to gain a range of movement that is demanded by a particular sport/activity
example - gymnastics
muscular endurance
ability of particular muscle group to keep working at desired level of effort for as long as the exercise demands
example - rowing, cycling
muscular strength
force or tension a muscle/muscle group can exert against a resistance in one maximal contraction
example - soccer, weightlifting
body composition
- ratio of fat-free mass to fat-mass
- a persons body shape
example - body building
muscular power
- combination of strength and speed
- powerful movement achieved by putting as much strength as possible, as quickly as possible
example - golf, volleyball, long jump
speed
ability to move whole/part of body from one point to another in shortest time possible
example - hurdles, rugby league
agility
combines speed with flexibility and dynamic balance, allowing the athlete to change direction with maximal control and speed
example - tennis, netball, soccer
coordination
ability to link together a series of muscular movements so they appear to be well controlled and efficiently executed
example - tennis, cricket, golf
balance
ability of body to remain in a state of equilibrium (all parts of body are equal = good balance) while performing a desired task
example - gymnastics
reaction time
speed you can react to external que (gun, ball coming at you)
example - sprinting, cricket
benefits of testing physical fitness
- identify strengths/weaknesses in a performance
- monitor improvement
- to show a starting level of fitness
- to motivate/set goals
- to inform training requirements
aerobic energy system
WITH OXYGEN
improves cardiovascular conditioning
example - running, swimming, cycling, walking
anaerobic energy system
WITHOUT OXYGEN
lactic acid
ATP
breaks down glucose in the body without using oxygen
higher intensity = shorter duration = less oxygen required
example - sprinting, HIIT training
FITT principle
FREQUENCY - refers to how often aerobic training should occur
INTENSITY - refers to level of exercise
TIME - refers to how long the aerobic training session should last
TYPE - refers to the form of exercise that is undertaken
immediate physiological responses to training
the changes that take place within specific body organs and tissue during exercise
- heart rate
- ventilation rate
- stroke volume
- cardiac output
- lactate levels
ventilation rate
rate at which breathing occurs, measured in bpm - increases with exercise
heart rate
number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm) - increases with exercise
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle of heart during each systolic cardiac contraction - increases with exercise
cardiac output
- volume of blood being pushed out of both ventricles in heart
- product of heart rate and stroke volume, measured in litres
- increases with exercise
heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
e.g 60 x 100 = 6000ml/min of blood exerted into body from heart per minute
lactate levels
amount of lactic acid in your blood
- fitter you are = longer you can delay build up of lactic acid
- harder exercise = more lactic acid builds up
- increases with exercise
resting heart rate
heart rate when completely at rest - rate decreases as you get fitter
steady state heart rate
period of time during which oxygen uptake remains at a constant level
example - swimming at a constant period
working heart rate
how much your heart rate increases according to intensity of exercise effort
- low resting heart rate = good cardiovascular system
- increases with exercise
ventilation rate
how deep (depth) you take as breath and the rate (how many times you take a breath) you do that per minute
- as we exercise, demand for oxygen by muscle cells increases, causing a ventilation response
- ventilation has 2 phases = inspiration (breathing air in), expiration (releasing air from lungs)
- higher depth = more oxygen enters
function of stroke volume
when exercise increases, amount of blood that heart discharges increases
- stroke volume increases as heart rate increases
- heart rate increase = more blood pumped
- stroke volume increases as it has to eject more blood as more is being pumped
force
force is the push or pull acting on a body
(push or pull, blow or impact, friction against two surfaces rubbing together)
internal force
develop within the body by contraction of a muscle group causing joint angle to decrease
example - contraction of quadriceps when kicking a football
external force
come from outside the body and act on it one way or another
example - gravity is external force that prevents objects from leaving the ground
common properties of forces
- magnitude - how much force is applied
- direction - angle at which force is applied
- point of application - place on body where force is applied
- line of action - represents a straight line through the point of application in the direction that the force is acting
applied forces
a force with which an object has been pushed or pulled
force (foot) applied to surface of a running track and another force opposes it from outside the body
reaction force
how running track reacts to force of runners legs/feet making contact with that surface
greater force runner produces = greater resistance from the track
both the runner and track each exert a force equal to whatever force is being applied (pushing and pulling)
fluid mechanics
forces that operate in water and air environments
example - throwing a javelin, swimming in a pool, hitting a golf ball
flotation
BUOYANCY - upward force on body when its immersed in water
effect - reduce apparent weight pf body by opposing gravity
example - water level in bath rises because your body takes up space that was previously occupied by water
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY - centre of gravity of a volume of water displaced by an object when its immersed in water
example - when body is fully submerged, the centre of buoyancy of swimmer will fall directly above the swimmers centre of gravity
fluid resistance
force that opposes movement through a fluid
amount of drag that causes resistance is based on these factors:
fluid density - water is denser than air, froward motion in this fluid is more difficult
shape - if body or object is streamlined at the front and tapered towards the tail, the fluid experiences less turbulence = less resistance
surface - smooth surface = less turbulence = less drag
size of frontal area - if front of a person is large, resistance to forward motion is increased
example - swimmers have swimsuits with special material to reduce resistance and increase flow through fluid for faster swimming time
types of drag forces
SURFACE DRAG - caused by friction between surface of object and fluid surrounding it (water/air)
example - rowing boats are highly polished, creating a smooth surface that water can flow past easily
PROFILE DRAG - refers to drag created by the shape and size of body of object in fluid
example - cyclists reduce profile drag by bending forward on the bike to make their front profile smaller and by following closely behind other cyclists to reduce wind draft
