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Biology > Unit 2 Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells eg rd blood cell

A

The thing that makes up all living things

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2
Q

Order the levels of organisation

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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3
Q

What are tissues.

A

A group of specialised cells that carry out a specific function. Eg muscle tissue

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4
Q

What are organs

A

A collection of tissues that work to do a specific function. Eg heart

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5
Q

What is an organ system

A

A collection of similar organs to carry out a function. Eg circulatory system

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6
Q

Describe the functions of three organs in the digestive system

A

Glands- produce digestive juices with enzymes to help break food down.
Stomach- acidity kills bacteria and is the right pH for enzyme reactions. Small intestine- where small molecules diffuse into the blood.
Liver- produces bile to help break down lipids
Large intestine- absorbs water from undigested food

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7
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A protein based biological catalyst

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8
Q

Describe the lock and key method

A

1.) enzyme and substrate are complimentary to each other
2.) they bind together to create an enzyme substrate complex
3.) a chemical reaction takes place in the active site and the substrate is split into smaller molecules for diffusion

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9
Q

What 2 conditions determine an enzymes effectiveness

A

pH and temperature

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10
Q

What happens to the enzyme if temperature is too high

A

It loses its shape and denatures so the active site isn’t complimentary

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11
Q

What does amylase do and where is it produced

A

Converts carbohydrates into simple sugars. Produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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12
Q

What does protease do and where is it produced

A

Converts proteins into amino acids. Produced in the stomach pancreas and small intestine

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13
Q

What does lipase do and where is it produced

A

Breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. Produced in the pancreas, salivary glands and the stomach

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14
Q

How does bile help digestion

A

Alkaline so it neutralises the stomach for quicker enzyme reactions. Emulsifies large droplets of fat into smaller ones

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15
Q

Food test for sugar

A

Put 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent into a sugar solution placed in a hot water bath. Change from blue to brick red

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16
Q

Food test for proteins

A

Add 2cm^3 of biurets reagent to a protein solution and observe a colour change from blue to purple

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17
Q

Food Test for starch

A

Put a drop of iodine on a simple tray and observe the colour change to bluey black

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18
Q

Food test for lipids

A

Mix solution with ethanol to observe a cloudy emulsion

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19
Q

How is the circulatory system adapted to better pump blood around

A

Double circulatory system- deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and around the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood into the left atrium and back out to the rest of the body

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20
Q

Eg what is the normal rate of heartbeat and what controls it

A

70bpm, pacemaker

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21
Q

What can we do about an irregular heartbeat ?

A

Use an artificial pacemaker

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22
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Artery, vein capillary

23
Q

Describe the structure of the veins

A

Wide lumen for low pressure blood, thin walls, carries blood toward the heart, has valves to carry the deoxygenated blood back around the body

24
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

Thick, muscular walls to hold high pressure blood, elastic fibres to allow them to stretch,

25
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

One cell thick for a short diffusion pathway, permeable for movement of substances

26
Q

How does gas exchange take place

A

Alveoli fill up with oxygen. They have a one cell thick wall with lots of capillaries so CO2 can easliy diffuse out of the blood. Diffusion takes place and oxygen enters the blood and CO2 leaves

27
Q

How are alveoli specialised for gas exchange

A

Thin wall for short diffusion distance. Capillaries provide a large blood supply to maintain concentration gradient.
Lots of them so large SA

28
Q

What does plasma do

A

A liquid that holds all the components of the blood like red blood cells, glucose amino acids etc

29
Q

What do blood cells do

A

Carry oxygen around the body for respiration by binding oxygen to the haemoglobin

30
Q

What do platelets do

A

For clots over an
open wound to prevent infection and creates a scab so new skin can grow underneath

31
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Part of the immune system that helps fighting off pathogens

32
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the coronary arteries get clogged but by a build up of fat so there is reduced blood flow to the heart spa heart attack could occur

33
Q

How can we help mitigate the risk form CHD

A

Statins- helps to get rid of bad cholestorol so there is less clog up
Stents- balloon placed in the coronary artery to stop it from collapsing

34
Q

Benefits and risks of stents

A

Lowers heart attack risk and is easy to recover from after operation. However blood clots called thrombosis could form near the stent

35
Q

Benefits and risks of statins

A

Reduces risk of heart attacks and strokes and increases levels of good cholesterol. However once you take them you can’t stop and can have side effects to the resit of your health

36
Q

What can we do about faulty valves

A

Mechanical valves- last a long time but medication needs to be taken to stop blood clotting
New biological valves- last a shorter amount of time but work very well

37
Q

What can we do about a faulty pacemaker

A

Put an artificial one in

38
Q

What can we do about heart failure

A

Get a heart transplant- though it can be hard to find a donor so we can use artificial ones but the metal parts could damage over time and clotting could form

39
Q

How can communicable diseases lead to non communicable diseases

A

They could weaken the body’s functions which could lead to cancers or it could trigger an immune response

40
Q

What other factors could increase non communicable disease risk

A

1.) stress- can lead to mental illnesses
2.)diet- a diet high in fat and sugar can lead to high cholesterol or diabetes
Life situations eg homelessness

41
Q

What is risk factor

A

The chance of picking up a non communicable to the environment of genetic factors. If one factor increases when another does then they are correlated

42
Q

What is a benign tumour

A

Growth of cells in one place that isn’t cancerous and grows until there is no more room but it can put pressure into an organ which makes it dangerous

43
Q

What is a malignant tumour

A

A Tumour that grows and spreads to other tissues and is cancerous. The Timor may split and this means that the tumour can travel and affect multiple parts of the body

44
Q

What lifestyle risks can cause cancer

A

Lots of smoking can cause lung cancer
Exposure to UV light
Obesity

45
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do on a leaf

A

Prevents water from moving out so plants can retain water for longer

46
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll do

A

Contains lots of chloroplasts to carry out rapid photosynthesis and at the top of the leaf for maximum sunlight

47
Q

What does the spongy mesophyll do

A

Lots of air spaces for lots of gas diffusion

48
Q

What do stomata and guard cells do

A

Allow co2 into the leaf for diffusion

49
Q

What is translocation

A

The movement of food substances made in the leaves up or down the phloem

50
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of the plants through the stomata

51
Q

A factor affecting transpiration

A

Temperature of the environment as with more heat means more movement of molecules and more photosynthesis

52
Q

Another factor affecting transpiration

A

Humidity, with more moisture in the air. The concentration gradient will be lower so rate of transpiration decreases

53
Q

Another factor affecting transpiration

A

Amount of stomata open as more stomata means there is more SA to diffuse from

54
Q

Another factor affecting transpiration

A

Wind speed as the wind can blow away moisture outside the leaf so the concentration gradient is higher

Biology (7 decks)

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