Unit 2: Biological chemistry & cell structure Flashcards

Question

What are the polymer and monomers forms of each? (four categories of biological macromolecules)

Answer 1

Lipids (fatty acids) Carbohydrates (monosaccharides) Proteins (amino acids) Nucleic Acids (nucleotides)

Answer 2

Lipids - ester bonds Carbohydrates - glycosidic bonds Proteins - peptide bonds Nucleic Acids - phosphodiester bonds

Answer 3

Loss of water molecule during synthesis reaction

Answer 4

Splitting of water molecule to separate polymers

Answer 5

Storage & function Differ in bond angles, branching All can be broken down for energy ________________________________________ Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Answer 6

C & H linked by nonpolar, covalent bonds e- movement leads to slight + and - areas Temporary polarization leads to attraction (van der Waals forces) _________________________________________ Triacylglycerol Glycerol + three fatty acids Great energy storage! 1g fat has more energy than 2g starch! Compact energy storage, insulation

Answer 7

Maximum number of H Close packing; solid at RT Promote atherosclerosis Typically animal origin _____________________________ Saturated Fatty Acids chains lack double bonds, resulting in phospholipids with a straight structure that favors tight packing.

Answer 8

Not maximum number of H Double bond=kink Loose packing; liquid at RT Typically plant origin __________________________________________ Unsaturated Fatty acids have one or more double bonds that introduce kinks in the phospholipids reducing the tightness of packing.

Answer 9

E.g. cholesterol Provide structure in cell membranes Help maintain fluidity Precursor for hormones like testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

Answer 10

2 FA attached to head group Distinct hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions Spontaneously form bilayers in solution Major component of cell membranes

Answer 11

RNA - A, U, C, G DNA - A, T, C, G

Answer 12

Phosphate group (5’) binds to hydroxyl group (3’)

Answer 13

Double helix Formed by H bonds between base pairs A:T=2 bonds C:G=3 bonds A = Adenine / T = Thymine G = Guanine / C = Cytosine

Answer 14

C. R group

Answer 15

Formed between hydroxyl group and amide group Covalent Dehydration synthesis

Answer 16

*easiest to hardest CO2 > O2 > Glycerol > Glucose > K+

Answer 17

- Plasma membrane - Cytoplasm - DNA - Ribosomes - Cell wall - Capsule - Pili - Flagella

Answer 18

This is the outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment. It is made of phospholipids and proteins and regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell

Answer 19

This is the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and contains other cellular components. It is the site of many biochemical reactions that sustain the cell

Answer 20

This is the genetic material of the cell that carries the instructions for making proteins and other molecules. It is usually found in a central region called the nucleoid, where it forms a single circular chromosome

Answer 21

These are the structures that synthesize proteins from amino acids. They are composed of RNA and proteins and are not enclosed by a membrane. They can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the plasma membrane

Answer 22

This is a rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane and provides support and protection to the cell. It is made of peptidoglycan, a complex polymer of sugars and amino acids, in most bacteria. Some archaea have cell walls made of other substances, such as pseudopeptidoglycan or polysaccharides

Answer 23

This is a sticky layer of polysaccharides that covers the cell wall of some bacteria. It helps the cell adhere to surfaces or other cells and protects the cell from dehydration and immune system attacks

Answer 24

These are hair-like structures that extend from the cell surface of some bacteria. They help the cell attach to other cells or surfaces, or exchange genetic material during a process called conjugation

Answer 25

These are whip-like appendages that protrude from the cell surface of some bacteria and archaea. They help the cell move by rotating like propellers

Answer 26

SA:V decreases as cells become larger At some point, material will not be able to move across membrane fast enough to support life Small size of bacteria allows cell to effectively take in needed materials & eliminate wastes In multi-cellular organisms, SA increased for organ function (e.g. intestines)

Answer 27

O2, CO2, N2

Answer 28

H2O, indole, glycerol

Answer 29

Glucose, sucrose

Answer 30

Cl-, K+, Na+

Answer 31

1. Hydrophobic molecules (fastest) 2. small, uncharged polar molecules

Answer 32

Transporter (Channel and Carrier) Receptor Enzyme Anchor

Answer 33

Diffusion movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration - down their concentration gradient molecules are distributed equally.

Answer 34

- No energy required - Diffusion: movement from [high] to [low] 2 Types of transmembrane proteins: Channel: open (unless gated) Carrier: regulated

Answer 35

C. Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 36

Water moves via osmosis (diffusion of water) Free passage of water across membrane VERY slow Aquaporins facilitate water movement at biologically relevant rate

Answer 37

Osmosis is a process that happens when two liquids with different amounts of dissolved stuff (like sugar or salt) are separated by a thin barrier (like a plastic bag or a cell membrane) that only lets water pass through. The water will move from the side with less dissolved stuff to the side with more dissolved stuff until the two liquids have the same amount of dissolved stuff. This is because water likes to be balanced and tries to even out the differences between the two liquids.

Answer 38

Movement against concentration gradient E.g. Na/K pump into or out of the cell up an electrochemical gradient Active transport can be powered by ATP (energy) powered …or active transport can be powered by other gradients Active transport maintains cell membrane integrity Active transport used to maintain intracellular [ion] In various non-isotonic solutions, water will move via osmosis

Answer 39

Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute than another solution (water moves in) [Shrunk] Isotonic - normal Hypotonic - lower concentration of solute than another solution (water moves out) [Swollen] Very hypotonic - much lower concentration of solute, having much water moving out of it. [Lysed]

Answer 40

C)Hypertonic

Answer 41

C)Shrivel up

Answer 42

Chemical & electrical gradient across membrane due to proton distribution Protons move from [high] to [low] Proton movement coupled to another molecule (against gradient) Anti- or symporter

Answer 43

EA is the activation energy. The energy needed to reach the transition state Enzymes lower the EA by stabilizing the transition state and lowering free energy

Answer 44

- Enzyme-catalyzed reaction/ - Uncatalyzed reaction - Transition state - EA for each reaction - Energy difference between products and reactants (ΔG)

Answer 45

Factors that affect the rate of reaction: These factors cause denaturation = destruction of protein structure * Temperature - enzymes in mammals have optimum of 37°C * pH - Depends on the function and location of enzyme * Pressure Factors that affect rate, but don’t cause denaturation * Enzyme concentration * Substrate concentration

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Unit 2: Biological chemistry & cell structure Flashcards

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