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AP Psych > Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

environment (nurture)

A

every non-genetic influence

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2
Q

heredity (nature)

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring

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3
Q

genes

A

our codes for life

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4
Q

identical twins

A

genetically identical; share placenta

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5
Q

fraternal twins

A

generally ordinary siblings; share fetal environment

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6
Q

epigenetics

A

study of environmental influences gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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7
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles if natural selection

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8
Q

natural selection

A

among all the inherited traits those that lead to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to the next generation

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9
Q

mutations

A

random errors in genes that lead to a change in the genetic makeup

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10
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow chemical communication system; set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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11
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands; influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

diffuse across a synapse and excite or inhibit an adjacent neuron
chemicals in the axon terminal that attempt to communicate with dendrites on other neurons

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13
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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14
Q

adrenal glands

A

pair of endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys and secrete hormones
(increase heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and fight or flight)

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15
Q

pituitary glands

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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16
Q

heritability

A

the extent to which variation among individuals in a group can be attributed to their differing genes

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17
Q

neurons

A

nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

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18
Q

dendrite

A

branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

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19
Q

axon

A

passes messages through its terminal branches to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue layer that insulates axons and makes communication faster

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21
Q

glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons; also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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22
Q

action potential

A

a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon
* neurons generate electricity from chemical events
* ions are exchanged

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23
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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24
Q

refractory period

A

resting phase after a neuron has fired

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25
Q

all-or-none response

A

firing or not

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26
Q

synapse

A

a meeting point between neurons

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27
Q

nervous system

A

body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system

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28
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

responsible for gathering information + transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts

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29
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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31
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry messages from the body’s tissue + sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing (afferent)

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32
Q

motor neurons

A

carry instructions from the CNS outward to the body’s muscles + glands (efferent)

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33
Q

interneurons

A

where information is processed in the brain and spinal cord
* communicate internally and process info between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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34
Q

somatic nervous system

A

enables voluntary control of our skeletal system

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35
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls our glands and our internal organ muscles
* influences functions such as glandular activity, heartbeat, and digestion

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36
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses and expends energy (fight or flight)

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37
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body, conserving its energy

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38
Q

dendrite

A

branch- like arms attached to the cell body that receive information from other neurons

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39
Q

cell body (soma)

A

part of the neuron that contains the nuclei; the cells life-support center

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40
Q

endorphins

A

help explain good feelings

41
Q

antagonist

A

decreases a neurotransmitters action

42
Q

agonist

A

increases the activity of a neurotransmitter

43
Q

acetylcholine

A

enables muscle action, learning, and helps with memory

44
Q

dopamine

A

helps with movement, learning, attention, and emotion

45
Q

serotonin

A

impacts hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood

46
Q

epinephrine

A

body’s response to high emotional situations and helps form memories

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

increases blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness

48
Q

glutamate

A

involved with long term memory and learning

49
Q

GABA

A

helps with sleep, movement, and slows down your nervous system

50
Q

stimulants

A

excites or arouses neural communication

51
Q

examples of stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

52
Q

depressants

A

slow down or inhibit neural functioning/ communication

53
Q

examples of depressants

A

alcohol, opiates, heroin, barbituates

54
Q

hallucinogens

A

only psychoactive drugs

55
Q

examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, shrooms, weed

56
Q

lesion

A

brain tissue destruction

57
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

amplified readout of brain waves

58
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

measures magnetic fields from the brain’s neural electric activity

59
Q

computed tomography

A

examines the brain by taking X-ray photos that can reveal brain damage

60
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

depicts brain activity by showing each brain areas consumption of it’s chemical fuel, the sugar glucose

61
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer - generated images of soft tissue

62
Q

fMRI

A

can reveal the brains functioning and structure

63
Q

brainstem

A

beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
* responsible for autonomic survival functions

64
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem ; controls heartbeat and breathing

65
Q

pons

A

helps coordinate movements and controls sleep

66
Q

thalamus

A

sensory control center that directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

67
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and controls arousal

68
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”, rear of the brain stem. processes sensory input, coordinating movement, output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

69
Q

limbic system

A

neural system: amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

70
Q

amygdala

A

linked to emotion

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

directs eating, drinking, and body temp; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

72
Q

hippocampus

A

helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

73
Q

cerebral cortex

A

covering the cerebral hemispheres; body’s ultimate control + information center

74
Q

frontal lobe

A

decision making, personality, and voluntary movement

75
Q

occipital lobe

A

receive information from the visual fields

76
Q

parietal lobe

A

top of the head; receives sensory input for touch and body position

77
Q

temporal lobe

A

above the ears; auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

78
Q

motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements

79
Q

somatoesenory cortex

A

registers and processes body, touch, and movement sensations

80
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

81
Q

neurogenesis

A

the formation or new neurons

82
Q

split brain

A

isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

83
Q

sleep

A
84
Q

circadian rhythm

A
85
Q

REM sleep/ Stage 4

A

not easily awakened , no movement except eye movement

86
Q

Alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

87
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages except rem

88
Q

Delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3

89
Q

Stage 1

A

light sleep, relaxed body, slowed mind, alpha waves

90
Q

Stage 2

A

sleep spindles, theta waves, still easily awakened

91
Q

Stage 3

A

delta waves, difficulty being awakened

92
Q
A
93
Q

insominia

A

problems falling or staying asleep

94
Q

narcolepsy

A

uncontrollable sleep attacks

95
Q

sleep apnea

A

trouble breathing while sleeping

96
Q

night terrors

A

high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

97
Q

dreams

A

sequence of image,emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

98
Q

manifest content

A

the symbolic remembered story line of a dream

99
Q

latent content

A

underlying meanings of a dream

AP Psych (2 decks)

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