Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

Question 1

Structuralism

Answer 1

aimed to classify and understand elements of the mind’s structure

Question 2

Functionalism

Answer 2

How mental and behavioral processes function. How do they enable an organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

Question 4

Psychoanalysis

Answer 4

emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior

Question 5

Humanism

Answer 5

human growth potential

Question 6

Cognitive

Answer 6

The study of mental processes, such as when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Question 7

Evolutionary

Answer 7

study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Question 8

Psychology

Answer 8

science of behavior and mental processes

Question 9

Experiment

Answer 9

manipulating factors of interest and holding constant other factors

Question 10

double-blind procedure

Answer 10

neither the experimenter nor the participant know which group is receiving what

Question 11

control group

Answer 11

does not receive treatment

Question 12

experimental group

Answer 12

receives treatment

Question 13

random assignment

Answer 13

randomly assigned a group by chance

Question 14

placebo effect

Answer 14

effect caused by expectation

Question 15

independent variable

Answer 15

variable being manipulated

Question 16

dependent variable

Answer 16

outcome that is measured

Question 17

confounding variables

Answer 17

may influence study’s results

Question 18

Nature

Answer 18

our genetics determine our behavior. Our personality trait and abilities are in our nature

Question 19

Nurture

Answer 19

our environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine our behavior. We are “nurtured” to behave in certain ways

Question 20

hindsight bias

Answer 20

tendency, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it

Question 21

Scientific method

Answer 21

a self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis

Question 22

theory

Answer 22

explains behavior or events by offering ideas that organize observations

Question 23

hypotheses

Answer 23

testable prediction

Question 24

operational definitions

Answer 24

statement of the exact procedures

Question 25

replication

Answer 25

repeating the same study with different people, materials, and circumstances

Question 26

case study

Answer 26

technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth to reveal principles

Question 27

survey

Answer 27

obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative

Question 28

sampling bias

Answer 28

to generalize or form a few vivid but unrepresentative cases

Question 29

population

Answer 29

the whole group you want to study and describe

Question 30

random sample

Answer 30

represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion