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C190 Intro to Biology > Unit 2: Basic Chemistry and Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Unit 2: Basic Chemistry and Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

basic unit of matter

A

atom

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2
Q

Attractions between atoms that hold atoms and molecules together

A

chemical bonds

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3
Q

strongest chemical bond. Electrons are shared.

A

covalent bonds

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4
Q

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. How strongly does an atom attract bonding electrons to itself?

A

Electronegativity

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5
Q

Subatomic particle, located in shells on the outside of the nucleus, has a negative charge

A

Electron

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6
Q

Weak chemical bond. Occurs between atoms in different molecules or parts of molecules. Weak electrostatic attraction between areas of molecules with opposite partial charges.

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Moderately strong chemical bond. Occurs between atoms in the same molecule. Electrons transfer from one atom to another.

A

Ionic Bonds

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8
Q

Subatomic particle, located in the nucleus, with a positive charge. Mass of one amu.

A

proton

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9
Q

Subatomic particle, electrically neutral, located in the nucleus. Mass of one amu

A

Neutron

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10
Q

The attraction between water molecules and other molecules.

A

adhesion

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11
Q

Water molecules are attracted to each other, keeping the molecules together.

A

cohesion

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12
Q

Substances that will dissolve in water. Polar. They split into positive and negative ions and dissolve in water. Examples: sugars and alcohols.

A

hydrophillic

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13
Q

Substances that do not dissolve in water. Non-polar. Examples: hydrocarbons and fatty acids.

A

hydrophobic

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14
Q

The capacity of a liquid’s surface to resist being ruptured when placed under tension or stress.

A

surface tension

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15
Q

dissolved substance

A

solute

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16
Q

Homogeneous mixtures, with 2 components: solvent and solutes.

A

solutions

17
Q

dissolving substance

A

solvent

18
Q

Building block of proteins. A small organic chemical that is made up of four parts. One end has nitrogen-amino group, other end has carboxylic acid groups linked by a single carbon atom called the alpha carbon, and the variable ‘R group’ also attached to the alpha carbon.

A

amino acid

19
Q

Biological macromolecule. Sugars. Essential for energy storage, cellular communication and structural support. Store energy; provide structural support; facilitate communication

A

carbohydrates

20
Q

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by accelerating the rate at which chemical reactions take place in a cell. Ex: Amylase protein.

A

enzyme

21
Q

aldohexose monosaccharide (chemical formula: C6H12O6) that is ubiquitous in nature, and functions primarily as the main source of metabolic energy (the main substrate in glycolysis) in living things.

A

glucose

22
Q

Molecules like water, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide, and ionic salts. Relatively stable, simple, and store little chemical energy.

A

inorganic molecules

23
Q

Biological macromolecules. Fatty acids. Essential for energy storage and maintaining a boundary between the living organism and its environment. Provide energy (long term); serve as structural components of membranes

A

lipids

24
Q

monomer

A

A monomer unit and monomer have the same meaning. We can define “monomer” in biology as any of those organic compounds that can react with other similar compounds to form a very large molecule (known as a polymer).

25
Q

Simple sugars. 1 sugar subunit. Glucose: many plants and fruits, honey, sports drinks. Fructos: fruit, honey, sweetener in many processed foods.

A

monosaccharide

26
Q

Any molecule that contains a carbon to hydrogen covalent bond. Often complex and many store a lot of chemical potential energy. Examples: glucose, methane, DNA, protein and fat.

A

organic molecules

27
Q

Type of Lipid. Provides structure to cell membranes; a protective barrier surrounding the cell or separating compartments and forming organelles within the cell. Ex: lipid bilayer membrane.

A

phospholipids

28
Q

Made from monomers linked by chemical bonds. They are produced by polymerization and occur either naturally or synthetically. Examples of natural polymers are cellulose, shellac and amber.

A

polymer

29
Q

Complex carbohydrates. 3 or more sugar subunits. Starch: plants and roots, potatoes, wheat, corn, rice. Cellulose: plants.

A

polysaccharide

30
Q

Biological macromolecules. Amino acids. Essential for carrying out most of the necessary functions of life. Serve as structural components of tissues; facilitate and speed up biochemical reactions (enzymes); participate in communication

A

protein

31
Q

the physical process by which a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure. Folding of a polypeptide chain is strongly influenced by the solubility of the AA R-groups in water. Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids.

A

protein folding

32
Q

Type of lipid. Provides structure to membranes; regulates many developmental, metabolic and energy processes. Ex: Cholesterol; naturally occurring hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

A

steroids

33
Q

Type of lipid. Forms protective layers on plants and animals that repel water. Ex” Beeswax, bird feathers, carnauba wax, jojoba oil, lanolin.

A

waxes

34
Q

the genetic material that stores information for making proteins in all living organisms. Stores and transmits inherited genetic information; and contains the coded directions for making proteins

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

35
Q

Transmits the information coded in the DNA so that it can be used to produce proteins.

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

36
Q

Biological macromolecules. Nucleotides. Essential for information storage within a cell and passing on this information to the next generation. Examples: DNA. Store genetic information, used in protein synthesis.

A

nucleic acid

37
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleotide

C190 Intro to Biology (9 decks)

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