Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > unit 2: Bases of behavior > Flashcards

unit 2: Bases of behavior Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic postulates of every science

A

describe - explain - predict - control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 main types of behavior depending on its origin

A
  1. phylogenetic behavior
  2. ontogenetic behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 main types of behavior depending on its origin

phylogenetic behaviors

A

definition: hose responses that are developed in the evolutionary history of a species. Responses that are genetically decided to appear “reflex responses”. They are conceptualized as:
1. unconditional stimulus (Us)
2. unconditional response (Ur)
A Us elicts a Ur
ex. blinking, grabbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 main types of behavior depending on its origin

ontogenetic behavior

A

def: specific responses that an organism learns to develop uniquely to its environment and they are based on the phylogenetic capacity of its species “learning history”

2 main mechanisms identified that allows ontogenetic behavior to develop, called associate learning mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pavlonian conditioning - 5

A

2 stimuli, through systematic pairing, can end up eliciting the same physiological response after establishing a contigency relationship

elements:
* Unconditioned stimulus: stimulus with a phylogenetic capacity of eliciting a response
* Unconditioned response: response that is phylogenetically decided in a species
* Neutral stimulus: stimulus with no capacity of eliciting an unconditional response
* Conditioned stimulus: stimulus that can elicit a phylogenetic response only after a contingency has been established
* Conditioned response: phylogenetic response that is elicited due to a conditioned response

the neutral stimulus will start predicting the apperance of the unconditioned one, which makes us react as if it were already there

this can help predict the future our words have meaning, we can remember things that make us happy or sad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

operant conditioning

A

through skinner studies he proved that: it’s not the conseuences of our responses that affect us, rather it’s the ‘consequent stimuli’ that follow it which does

formula:
Discriminative stimulus - operant response - consequent stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

operant conditioning formula

discriminative stimulus:

A
  • Expressed as Sd
  • The first element of the operant chain
  • It’s the stimulus that is ‘statistically’ associated with the availability of consequent stimulus → simpler: the stimulus that allows the organism to ‘know’ that there is a certain ‘effect’ available in the environment. It does not force the organism to do anything, but it makes it more likely to do so
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

operant conditioning formula

operant response:

A
  • Expressed as Ro
  • The response ‘emitted’ (not elicited) by the organism in presence of the Sd in order for the consequent stimulus to appear/disappear
  • Simpler -> it’s what the organism ‘does’ in order for something to happen and it’s always in the presence of a discriminative stimulus
  • A golden rule of thumb is that an operant response is anything that can be verbalized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

operant conditioning formula

consequent stimulus

A
  • Expressed as Sc
  • Stimulus that is contingent with the response (in time and space) which modifies its future probability of emission
  • Simpler → the stimulus that appears ‘immediately’ after the response and it affects whether or not the organism will emit the response again in the future in presence of the discriminative stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of consequent stimuli

A
  1. Reinforcers:
    Expressed as Sr
    Auguments the future probability of a response → it makes the organism more likely to emit the response again
  2. Punishers:
    Expressed as Sp
    Diminishes the future probability of a response → makes the organism less likely to emit a response again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

positive and negative

A

Positive and negative refers to the contingency (statistical probability)
* If something appears due to the response, there is a ‘positive’ contingency
* If something ‘disappears’ due to a response, there is a ‘negative’ contingency

Example: a mouse sees that a light turns on, he runs and presses a lever and food pops up. If he presses the level without the light being present, nothing happens. What does he learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

immunogenic behaviors
def, examples (5)

A

the behavioral patterns developed by a person which will protect and/or promote health in an individual
Examples:
* Exercise
* Diet
* Sleep (8 hours)
* Non smoking
* Meditating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pathogenic behaviors
def, examples 5

A

the behavioral patterns developed by a person which will increase the risk of illness and/or reduce a person’s life expectancy
Examples:
* Diet
* Sleep less than 8 hours
* Smoking
* Stress
* Not moving a lot - sitting on the couch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

health behaviors

A

Healthy behaviors are not necessarily developed with the ‘objective’ of improving our health, and specific characteristics of them can make them be immunogenic or pathogenic

If the behavior is immunogenic or pathogenic will depend on the contingencies established and these in turn depend on the environment. In order to promote health behaviors we need an education on what they consist of.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

role of the physiotheraphy now

A

the role of a physiotherapist is that of promoting preventing, diagnosing and treating problematics of a musculoskeletal origin including:
1. Motricity disorders
1. Alterations in a personal functional capacity
1. Education and research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

education in health behaviors

A

Educating on health behaviors refers to giving a person the necessary information to prevent the origin of a disease/disorder or it’s relapse It can be done in 3 levels

17
Q

education in health behavior 3 levels

A
  1. Primary level: focused on preventing the ‘development’ of the problematic behavior
    Idea: to give enough education to people to make sure they never ‘develop’ the problematics behavior in itself
    Ex. smoking, drugs, diet
  2. Secondary level: focused on modifying the problematic behavior once it has already been developed but without a pathology being present
    Idea: to prevent the development of a disease
    Ex. getting someone to start exercising or do their stretching exercises
  3. Tertiary level: here we focus on the changing the problematic behavior of people who have developed a pathology in order to prevent a worsening or relapse of the problem
    Main idea: to prevent a problematic from becoming worse or developing another problematic
    Ex. changing the diet of someone who has developed diabetes or getting someone with pulmonary emphysema to stop smoking
18
Q

what do health models do

A

Help understand and intervene at the 3 different levels of prevention and especially at the secondary and tertiary

19
Q

health belief model

A

This model is used to understand the behaviors associated with the prevention of a disease and the ‘adherence’ to treatment

It runs on 3 main assumptions:
1. There is a level of motivation and knowledge about the disease
1. The person perceives themselves as vulnerable and the disease as a threat
1. They believe in the efficacy of the treatment and don’t see ‘impediments’ to change

20
Q

perceived self-efficacy model

A

Perceived self efficacy is defined as the belief a person has in their own capacity to change a behavioral pattern

Criteria:
1. The belief a person has in the efficacy of a behavioral change to provide a benefit
1. The belief a person has in themselves to be able to change

The criteria is developed from 4 sources:
1. Previous successful development of a behavioral pattern
1. Observational learning
1. Verbal persuasion
1. Emotional influence

21
Q

interpersonal behavior theory

A

This model takes into account that our behavior is not 100% under our control

3 components:
1. The intention of developing a behavior
1. The force of habit a person has
1. Environmental conditions that helps/hinders the development of a certain behavior

21
Q

Reasoned action theory (RAT) and planned behavior theory (PBT)

A

Both assume that human beings are rational and we make systematically make decisions based on the information available

RAT:
The main reason we develop a health behavior is our ‘intention’ which develops based on:
1. The attitude towards the behavior. If we think a certain behavioral pattern will be good for us, were more likely to develop it and vice-versa
1. The subjective belief the person has regarding his pressure to develop the behavioral pattern

PBT:
PBT is an extension of RAT but with an extra variable, essentially the:
* Self-efficacy perception: a person needs to believe they are able to develop a new pattern along with the previous criteria in order to Evoque it.

22
Q

process model of action in health

A

model states the development and maintanence of a beahvioural health pattern happens according to 2 phases a person needs to go through:

  1. motivational phase: the person starts having the intention of developing a behavioral health pattern due to 3 reasons: perceieved threat, expected results, self-efficacy belief
  2. volatile phase: once a new pattern has been developed it will nee to be maintained, and for that to happen 2 things r needed: reeinforcers after each behavioural chain, environmental conditions in our favor
23
Q

adherance to treatment

adherence def

A

the commitment of a patient by mutual agreement with the professional to follow a therapeutic regimen with a desired preventive or curative purpose

24
Q

3 factors affecting adherence

A
  1. the patient and the professional
  2. the instructions
  3. the learning story
25
Q

3 factors affecting adherence:

the patient and the professional

A

the patient: must look at its context and specific characteristics

Once we analyze the patient we look at the characteristics of the professional:

Some variables cannot be controlled - age or gender. What we can control is the personal treatment with the patient and the context in which it develops
Ex. if the patient doesn’t want a male physio the professional has to be able to adapt and make up with all the other factors what they are lacking in the gender factor

Our work area and our communication style must be adapted according to each individualized case

26
Q

3 factors affecting adherence

the instructions

A

The treatment will usually be self-administered by the patient or another person following the professionals instructions
They must know what, how, when to follow the treatment

Instruction def: a verbal description provided by a professional regarding the guidelines to follow in a treatment
* For a instruction to be efficient we must adapt to the language of the person for their understanding → meaning we must either fit our language or teach them our technical language

27
Q

3 factors that affect adherence

learning history

A

def: the accumulation of interactions that an individual has with a context and specific object / person

why: the importance of a persons learning history lies in its capacity of increasing or decreasing the probability that the patient will want to adhere to our tretment

28
Q

types of adhesion

A
  • adherence - voluntary : patient follows instructions provided by profession having reached an agreement that seems appropriate for both
  • adherence - involuntary : patient is obliged to follow instructions even if they dont agree with it. ex. forced hospitalization or treatment w no power to make decisions
  • non adherence - involuntary : the person agrees to follow instructions but does not comply with the given guidelines by not understanding instructions or other reasons
  • non - adherence - voluntary : patient agrees to continue treatment but when it comes time to follow the guidelines they modify instructions or simply refuse to follow them
29
Q

behaviour modification techiques

A
  • chaining
  • shaping
  • traning in ‘self - instructions’
  • context modification
30
Q

behaviour modification techiques

chaining

A

process through which we train and join different behavioural chains to form a complext response chain

31
Q

behaviour modification techiques

shaping

A

is about shaping the response we want with succesive approximations to a targeted response. very beneficial when we need to train specific responses that require fine motor skills

ex, you have to teach someone to massage themselves. You have to guide them
teaching where to put their fingers, how hard to press, what movements to do, etc

32
Q

behaviour modification techiques

training in self instructions

A

have to teach the patient to say instructions to themselve and follow them
* instructions must be verbal and specific

ex. studying

33
Q

behaviour modification techiques

context modification

A

procedure what we do is modify the environment of the person to make a response more or less likely to occur

ex. that a person must do stretching exercises as soon as they wake up

Psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions