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AP Psych > Unit 2 AP Psych > Flashcards

Unit 2 AP Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Receives information coming from the neuron

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

Contains genetic information and maintains the cell’s structure

A

Cell Body (Soma)

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3
Q

Passes information to other neurons, muscles, and glands

A

Axon

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4
Q

Insulates the axon, helps impulses

A

Myelin Sheath

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5
Q

the branched end of the axon that contains the neurotransmitters

A

Axon Terminals

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6
Q

the imbalance of electrical charges that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings

A

Resting Potential

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7
Q

neural impulses that occur when a neuron sends information down an axon

A

Action Potential

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8
Q

the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism

A

Threshold

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9
Q

the time when the neuron can’t re-fire, it needs to be recharged

A

Refractory Period

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10
Q

chemical messengers released from axon terminals, travel across synaptic gap (synapse), bind at receptor site on dendrites, triggers action potential if threshold is reached

A

Axon Terminals

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11
Q

Endorphind, Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Glutamate, GABA (Examples of…)

A

Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Released in response to pain and vigorous exercise, linked to pain and pleasure(neurotransmitter)

A

Endorphins

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13
Q

Controls motor movement (neurotransmitter)

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Results of too much or too little dopamine

A

Too Much: Schizophrenia, Too little: Parkinson’s and decreased mobility

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15
Q

Controls mood (neurotransmitter)

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

Too much serotonin linked with…

A

Serotonin syndrome

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17
Q

Too little serotonin linked to…

A

Clinical Depression

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18
Q

Influences alertness and arousal, undersupply can depress mood (neurotransmitter)

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

enables cognitive skill, learning, and memory (neurotransmitter)

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

Too Little Acetylcholine linked to

A

Alzheimer’s

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21
Q

Has several types of receptors found throughout the nervous system, metabolism is important to maintaining optimum levels in the brain, important to memory, cognition, and memory regulation (neurotransmitter)

A

Glutamate

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22
Q

amino acid that reduces neuronal excitability by inhabiting nerve transmission, associated with anxiety, fear, and stress

A

GABA

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23
Q

compose of the brain and spinal cord (including all nerves within our bones)

A

Central Nervous System

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24
Q

all other nerves in the body not apart of the brain and spinal cord, links the CNS to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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25
Q

part of the peripheral nervous system; controls voluntary movement through skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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26
Q

part of the peripheral nervous system; controls automatic functions of the body (heartbeat)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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27
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system; mobilizes our body’s response to stress (fight or flight response, arousal)

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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28
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system; slows down our body after responding to stress, calming

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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29
Q

take information from the senses to the brain (type of neuron)

A

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

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30
Q

take information from the brain to the senses (type of neuron)

A

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

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31
Q

located in the CNS, communicate between sensory inputs and motor outputs (type of neuron)

A

Interneurons

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32
Q

a series of x-rays taken from different angles and combined by computer to show complete representation of the brain

A

CT Scan

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33
Q

a technique that uses a magnetic field to send radio frequencies through the brain, computer measures how these signals interact with brain cells, the computer transforms the interactions into detailed images of the structure of the brain

A

MRI

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34
Q

records waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface, uses electrodes

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

35
Q

slightly radioactive solution injected into blood and amount of radiation absorbed by brain cells, computer transforms absorption into colors that indicate neuron activity

A

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

36
Q

technique for revealing the blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

A

fMRI

37
Q

includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brainstem, and cerebellum, controls vital functions like respiration and heart rate (brain structure)

A

Hindbrain

38
Q

bottom-most part of the brain, part of brainstem, controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

A

Medulla

39
Q

part of brainstem, links to spinal cord, controls facial expression and unconscious processes

A

Pons

40
Q

connects spinal cord and encephalon, controls body arousal and ability to focus

A

Reticular Formation

41
Q

sensory switchboard in forebrain

A

Thalamus

42
Q

emotional center and drives contract abstract though, planning emotion, and judgment

A

Limbic system

43
Q

controls hunger/thirst, sexual arousal, and body temperature(limbic system)

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

controls formation of new memories (limbic system)

A

hippocampus

45
Q

controls emotions (limbic system)

A

amygdala

46
Q

controls abstract thought, planning, emotion, judgment, and decision (4 lobes)

A

frontal lobe

47
Q

located at the rear of the frontal lobe and controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

48
Q

controls speech production (association area)

A

Broca’s Area

49
Q

causes impaired use of language

A

Broca’s aphasia

50
Q

contains sensory cortex and receives touch sensations (4 lobes)

A

Parietal Lobe

51
Q

the area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body sensations

A

Somatosensory Cortex

52
Q

back of brain, controls visual cortex (optical)

A

Occipital Lobe

53
Q

receives segments and integrates visual information

A

Visual Cortex

54
Q

processes sounds, receives and processes contents of sound, music, or voices

A

Temporal Lobe, Auditory Cortex

55
Q

controls language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s Area

56
Q

disables the ability to understand language

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

57
Q

any areas of the cerebral cortex that don’t control muscle movements or receive sensory information, involve higher mental functions(learning, remembering, speaking, thinking)

A

Association Areas

58
Q

connection between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

Corpus Callosum

59
Q

Why do they cut the corpus callosum?

A

to reduce seizures in patients with uncontrollable epilepsy

60
Q

slow messenger system, made up of glands

A

Endocrine System

61
Q

controls adrenaline production

A

adrenal gland

62
Q

slow down the CNS and calm neural activity (ex. alcohol)

A

depressants

63
Q

speed up the CNS and excite neural activity (example:cocaine)

A

stimulants

64
Q

24 hr sleep/wake cycle that allows for human alertness

A

circadian rhythm

65
Q

the actual storyline of dreams

A

Manifest Content

66
Q

“dreams are meaningless and random images created by the brainstem”

A

Activation-Synthesis Theory

67
Q

characterized by problems falling or staying asleep, most common sleep disorder (Treatment: reduce caffeine, exercise during the day, consistent sleep pattern)

A

Insomnia

68
Q

characterized by suffering from periods of intense sleepiness, absence of alertness (Treatment: medications and naps during the day)

A

Narcolepsy

69
Q

characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep, causes person to wake slightly and gasp for air, causes tiredness and can interfere with attention and memory (Treatment: sleep with respiration machine)

A

Sleep Apnea

70
Q

characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified in first few hours of sleep during stage 3, most common in children

A

Night Terrors

71
Q

a disturbing dream that evokes negative feelings

A

Nightmares

72
Q

slows the function of the CNS, and can cause slurred speech, weakness, and slowed breathing (alcohol and barbiturates)

A

Depressants

73
Q

type of depressants, very addictive, quickly develop a tolerance, withdrawal is very painful (opium and heroin)

A

Opiates

74
Q

speed up the function of the CNS, can cause disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, anxiety, heart problems, irritability, and depression (Cocaine and Ecstasy)

A

Stimulants

75
Q

change the perception of reality and evoke images in the absence of sensory input, stays in the body for a month or more, affects memory and emotions vary (Marijuana and LSD)

A

Hallucinogens

76
Q

the info about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of

A

Conscious Level

77
Q

info not in your conscious level but that could be in your conscious level

A

Preconscious Level

78
Q

info we aren’t consciously aware of but we must know exists

A

Subconscious

79
Q

believe that some events, feelings, emotions, and issues are unacceptable to our conscious mind

A

Unconscious Level

80
Q

characterized by mild hallucinations (hearing voices that don’t exist) called hypnagogic sensations

A

Stage 1 of Sleep

81
Q

characterized by sleep spindles (short bursts of rapid brain waves), asleep but can be easily awakened

A

Stage 2 of Sleep

82
Q

slowers delta waves/deeper sleep, difficulty to wake up, sleep walking and talking, bedwetting, brain can respond to particular stimuli

A

Stage 3 of Sleep

83
Q

detailed dreams happen, rapid breathing and heartbeat, genital arousal, face/fingers/legs twitch, muscles virtually paralyzed

A

Stage 4 of Sleep

AP Psych (3 decks)

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