Unit 1 AP Psych: History, Important Figures, Approaches Flashcards
Father of Structuralism (Major tool of structuralism is introspection)
Willhelm Wundt
Wrote psychology’s first textbook and developed theory of functionalism (focuses on how mental and behavioral processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish)
William James
Contributed to the foundation of structuralism (the study of the most basic elements of the mind)
Edward B. Titchener
First female president of the American Psych. Association, was denied PhD in Psych because she was a female
Mary Calkins
First woman to earn a PhD in psychology, made significant contributions to animal research, second female president of the APA
Margaret Washburn
popularized scientific theory of behaviorism (states that psychology is an observable science and the environment affects our behavior and the conscious mind)
John B. Watson
Founded the theory of classical conditioning and is well known for his experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex using dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which ranked human needs in order of priority, self-actualization at the top and physiological needs at the bottom
Abraham Moslow
Created psychoanalytic theory, focused on studying the unconscious mind and believed people’s perspectives are shaped by UNCONSCIOUS motives
Sigmund Freud
Proposed idea of natural selection and argued behaviors and bodies are shaped through natural selection (Evolutionary Psychology)
Charles Darwin
emphasizes the study of psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
examines human behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events
Cognitive
stressed that people have free will and weren’t/aren’t controlled by the environment
Humanistic
examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection(some traits may be advantageous, passed down from gen. to gen.)
Evolutionary
concerned with how environmental factors affect observable behavior
Behavioral
explains human thought and behavior as biological processes (genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters affect behavior)
Biological/Neuroscience
looks at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in different cultures
Socio-cultural
combines genes, environment, and how we interpret events to explain human behavior
Biopsychosocial
focuses on how machines and computers can be made safe and efficient to use
Human Factors Psychology
examines how organization influences on worker satisfaction and productivity
Industrial Organizational
uses statistics to analyze and explain human behavior
Psychometrics
comprised of biological, cognitive, developmental, educaitonal, personality, social, positive, and psychometric fields of psychology
Basic Research
comprised of industrial-organizational, counseling,and clinical psychology
Applied Research
testable proposition about a fact, behavior, or relationship based on theory
Hypothesis
tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen the outcome (“knew it all along”)
Overconfidence/ Hindsight Bias
repetition of an original experiment to verify confidence in results
Replication
the group selected from the entire population can be random (every individual has an equal opportunity of being chosen) or representative (population is divided into subcategories and a random sample is taken from subcategories)
Sample
total number of individuals in group being studied
Population
description of something by which it could be observed and measured
Operational Definition
variable specifically manipulated to occur before dependent variable to assess affect/ influence (the cause)
Independent Variable
outcome observed to occur after variation of independent variable (the effect)
Dependent Variable
any variable you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable series
Confounding Variables
series of operations conducted under controlled conditions to study and make inferences about relationship
Experiments
group of participants exposed to the manipulation of the variable
Experimental Group
the comparison group where members receive no intervention or an established intervention
Control Group
a significant response to an inert substance or nonspecific treatment, deriving from the recipients expectations
Placebo/Placebo Effect
when neither the experimenter nor participants know who the experimental or control group is to prevent bias
Double-Blind Procedure
data collection in a field setting without manipulating variable (advantage: allows observer to observe subject in natural setting)(disadvantage:lack of control)
Naturalistic Observation
study where a group is selected from a population and data is collected and analyzed
Surveys
if wording suggests one answer is more socially acceptable than another, participants may change their answer or answer inaccurately
Survey Wording Effects
investigation of a single individual, family, or event (adv. : intensive analysis)(dis.:limited extent to which findings can be generalized)
Case Study
studies and research that allow the researcher to predict the relationship between two variables
Correlational Research
when the participants in a study have been given adequate information about the study and can make a rational decision to participate or not
Informed Consent
the act of informing participants about the intentions or results of the study in which they just participated, deception is acceptable
Debriefing
the people answering questions have made a free choice to be involved in the gathering of information and were not coerced
Voluntary Participation
ethics in psych. state that during experimental studies, the identities and results of participants must be kept anonymous and confidential
Anonymous/Confidential
only acceptable when there are no other reasonably effective methods available to achieve the goals of the research, doesn’t cause a significant change to the subject, and if non______ methods would alter the results of the study
Deception (when is it ok?)
the APA is a psych. organization that wishes to advance psych. as a science and profession, as a means of promoting health, education, and human welfare
Ethics: academic research must follow a “code of ethics” and must be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Controversial Research/Ethics/APA
