Unit 1 AP Psych: History, Important Figures, Approaches

Question 1

Father of Structuralism (Major tool of structuralism is introspection)

Answer 1

Willhelm Wundt

Question 2

Wrote psychology’s first textbook and developed theory of functionalism (focuses on how mental and behavioral processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish)

Answer 2

William James

Question 2

Contributed to the foundation of structuralism (the study of the most basic elements of the mind)

Answer 2

Edward B. Titchener

Question 3

First female president of the American Psych. Association, was denied PhD in Psych because she was a female

Answer 3

Mary Calkins

Question 4

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology, made significant contributions to animal research, second female president of the APA

Answer 4

Margaret Washburn

Question 5

popularized scientific theory of behaviorism (states that psychology is an observable science and the environment affects our behavior and the conscious mind)

Answer 5

John B. Watson

Question 6

Founded the theory of classical conditioning and is well known for his experiment testing the concept of the conditioned reflex using dogs

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov

Question 7

Known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which ranked human needs in order of priority, self-actualization at the top and physiological needs at the bottom

Answer 7

Abraham Moslow

Question 8

Created psychoanalytic theory, focused on studying the unconscious mind and believed people’s perspectives are shaped by UNCONSCIOUS motives

Answer 8

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

Proposed idea of natural selection and argued behaviors and bodies are shaped through natural selection (Evolutionary Psychology)

Answer 9

Charles Darwin

Question 10

emphasizes the study of psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience

Answer 10

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Question 11

examines human behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events

Answer 11

Cognitive

Question 12

stressed that people have free will and weren’t/aren’t controlled by the environment

Answer 12

Humanistic

Question 13

examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection(some traits may be advantageous, passed down from gen. to gen.)

Answer 13

Evolutionary

Question 14

concerned with how environmental factors affect observable behavior

Answer 14

Behavioral

Question 15

explains human thought and behavior as biological processes (genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters affect behavior)

Answer 15

Biological/Neuroscience

Question 16

looks at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in different cultures

Answer 16

Socio-cultural

Question 17

combines genes, environment, and how we interpret events to explain human behavior

Answer 17

Biopsychosocial

Question 18

focuses on how machines and computers can be made safe and efficient to use

Answer 18

Human Factors Psychology

Question 19

examines how organization influences on worker satisfaction and productivity

Answer 19

Industrial Organizational

Question 20

uses statistics to analyze and explain human behavior

Answer 20

Psychometrics

Question 21

comprised of biological, cognitive, developmental, educaitonal, personality, social, positive, and psychometric fields of psychology

Answer 21

Basic Research

Question 22

comprised of industrial-organizational, counseling,and clinical psychology

Answer 22

Applied Research

Question 23

testable proposition about a fact, behavior, or relationship based on theory

Answer 23

Hypothesis

Question 24

tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen the outcome (“knew it all along”)

Answer 24

Overconfidence/ Hindsight Bias

Question 25

repetition of an original experiment to verify confidence in results

Answer 25

Replication

Question 26

the group selected from the entire population can be random (every individual has an equal opportunity of being chosen) or representative (population is divided into subcategories and a random sample is taken from subcategories)

Answer 26

Sample

Question 27

total number of individuals in group being studied

Answer 27

Population

Question 28

description of something by which it could be observed and measured

Answer 28

Operational Definition

Question 29

variable specifically manipulated to occur before dependent variable to assess affect/ influence (the cause)

Answer 29

Independent Variable

Question 30

outcome observed to occur after variation of independent variable (the effect)

Answer 30

Dependent Variable

Question 31

any variable you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable series

Answer 31

Confounding Variables

Question 32

series of operations conducted under controlled conditions to study and make inferences about relationship

Answer 32

Experiments

Question 33

group of participants exposed to the manipulation of the variable

Answer 33

Experimental Group

Question 34

the comparison group where members receive no intervention or an established intervention

Answer 34

Control Group

Question 35

a significant response to an inert substance or nonspecific treatment, deriving from the recipients expectations

Answer 35

Placebo/Placebo Effect

Question 36

when neither the experimenter nor participants know who the experimental or control group is to prevent bias

Answer 36

Double-Blind Procedure

Question 37

data collection in a field setting without manipulating variable (advantage: allows observer to observe subject in natural setting)(disadvantage:lack of control)

Answer 37

Naturalistic Observation

Question 38

study where a group is selected from a population and data is collected and analyzed

Answer 38

Surveys

Question 39

if wording suggests one answer is more socially acceptable than another, participants may change their answer or answer inaccurately

Answer 39

Survey Wording Effects

Question 40

investigation of a single individual, family, or event (adv. : intensive analysis)(dis.:limited extent to which findings can be generalized)

Answer 40

Case Study

Question 41

studies and research that allow the researcher to predict the relationship between two variables

Answer 41

Correlational Research

Question 42

when the participants in a study have been given adequate information about the study and can make a rational decision to participate or not

Answer 42

Informed Consent

Question 43

the act of informing participants about the intentions or results of the study in which they just participated, deception is acceptable

Answer 43

Debriefing

Question 44

the people answering questions have made a free choice to be involved in the gathering of information and were not coerced

Answer 44

Voluntary Participation

Question 45

ethics in psych. state that during experimental studies, the identities and results of participants must be kept anonymous and confidential

Answer 45

Anonymous/Confidential

Question 46

only acceptable when there are no other reasonably effective methods available to achieve the goals of the research, doesn’t cause a significant change to the subject, and if non______ methods would alter the results of the study

Answer 46

Deception (when is it ok?)

Question 47

the APA is a psych. organization that wishes to advance psych. as a science and profession, as a means of promoting health, education, and human welfare
Ethics: academic research must follow a “code of ethics” and must be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 47

Controversial Research/Ethics/APA