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VCE 1/2 Biology > Unit 2: AoS2 > Flashcards

Unit 2: AoS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fission

A

A single unicellular parent organism divides into 2 approximately equal parts that become new individuals.

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2
Q

Budding

A
  • An outgrowth or bud that forms from the parent and becomes a new individual
  • Cytoplasm is unevenly split
    EXAMPLES: yeast, hydra, sponges
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3
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • Multicellular parent body breaks into 2 parts which each develop into a new individual.
  • Works best in organisms with simple body systems or ones that are spread throughout the body
    EXAMPLES: flatworms, echinoderms, marine worms
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4
Q

Spore formation

A
  • Spores are formed by mitosis.
  • Capable of germinating into a new organism.
  • Coated in a tough outer layer to help them survive harsh conditions.
    EXAMPLES: mould, moss, ferns
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5
Q

Vegetative propagation

A

New plants develop from the roots, stems or leaves of parent plant.
EXAMPLES: strawberry runners

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6
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • The development of a female gamete without fertilisation.
  • Only possible in female parent organisms.
  • This is in organisms that can still produce sexually.
    EXAMPLES:komodo dragons, geckos, hammerhead sharks
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7
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Efficient reproduction
  • Uses less time and energy
  • Can increase population size rapidly in optimal conditions
  • No need to find sexual partner
  • Offspring are well suited to environment as are genetically identical
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8
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Overcrowding and competition for resources if population growth is too rapid
  • Susceptible to environmental change
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9
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Fusing of 2 gametes- haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes to form a new individual that is genetically different to its parents

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10
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Each gamete is genetically unique with a different combination of alleles
  • This allows population to adapt and survive changing environments
  • Quality over quantity- can eliminate undesirable traits
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11
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Slower reproduction
  • Recombination may break apart desirable alleles
  • Requires mating partner
  • Takes more time and energy
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12
Q

Cuttings and grafts

A

Cuttings
- taking a section of a mother plant and it will grow into a clone
Grafts
- part of a stem from one plant is transferred to the rootstock of another plant

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13
Q

Tissue culture

A
  • Fragments or single cells are selected from a parent plant and grown in a nutrient and hormone rich culture medium.
  • Grows into plantlets which are clones of the parent plant.
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14
Q

Embryo splitting

A
  • Based on the natural embryo splitting that forms identical twins.
  • IVF is used to harvest eggs then fertilise in a petri dish.
  • Embryos are split in early stages of development and implanted into surrogates.
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15
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg and replaced with the nucleus from an adult somatic cell. The egg is then transplanted into a surrogate. The offspring will be identical to the donor of the somatic cell.

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16
Q

Issues with cloning

A
  • Susceptibility to disease
  • High failure rate
  • Adverse health effects
  • Premature ageing
  • Cloned food products may contain allergens
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17
Q

Gene pool

A

All genes and alleles in an interbreeding population

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18
Q

Selective advantage

A

Advantages in a species in a specific area

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19
Q

Genetic flow

A

Migration leading to new genes and alleles in a gene pool

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20
Q

Founder effect

A

Organisms arriving in a place they weren’t previously

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21
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Small amounts of a population left, affects randomly, shrinking gene pool. e.g seasonal climate change, heavy predation/ disease, natural disaster

22
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

A theoretical point where all members of a population have an equal chance of contributing to the gene pool

23
Q

Causes of genetic variation

A
  • Mutations (different genetic sequences) causing genotypic changes, therefore phenotypic changes
  • Sexual reproduction through independent assortment and crossing over
  • Environmental factors interacting with genes
  • Selection pressures
24
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in frequency of alleles from generation to generation caused by chance

25
Q

Process of natural selection

A
  1. Variation of a trait in a population
  2. Struggle for survival/ selection pressure
  3. Survival advantage
  4. Reproduction from surviving individuals makes advantageous trait more common
26
Q

Fragmented population

A

Populations separated by things like habitat loss

27
Q

Consequences of low genetic diversity

A
  • Loss of evolutionary potential and increased risk of extinction
  • Inability to adapt to new environmental climate
  • Disease
    Inbreeding depression
28
Q

Types of adaptations

A
  • Structural- anatomy
  • Physiological- bodily functions
  • Behavioural- organisms activity
29
Q

Abiotic factors

A

The non-living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment
EXAMPLES: water, temperature, pH, salinity

30
Q

Biotic factors

A

The living factors that impact on the survival of an organism in its environment
EXAMPLES: competition, predators, parasites

31
Q

Tropisms

A
  • Growth response- physiological
  • Positive tropism- towards stimulus
  • Negative tropism- away from stimulus
    EXAMPLES: phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism
32
Q

Nastic movements

A

Movement in response to environmental stimulus, but is independent from direction of stimulus. e.g photonasty, thigmonasty, thermonasty

33
Q

Counter-current exchange

A

Physiological adaptation often present in flippers, feet, tails of marine animals. Cold blood (in veins) passes by warmer blood (in arteries) thus absorbing heat through concentration gradient. The heated blood travels back to the heart maintaining body temp.

34
Q

Camoflage

A

Physiological- Animals blend in with certain aspects of their environment to increase chance of survival either to hide from prey or prey so they get close to you.

35
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Physiological- Light is produced as a result of a chemical reaction to attract attention, lure prey or frighten predators

36
Q

Torpor

A

Physiological- Organism lowers its metabolic rate to save energy, usually to survive difficult conditions, like cold or lack of food. Hibernation- prolonged period of torpor over winter
Aestivation- prolonged period of torpor over summer to survive high temperatures and scarce water

37
Q

Adaptations in arid environments

A
  • Evaporative cooling behaviours
  • Basking in the sun
  • Seeking shade/ shelter
  • Living in a burrow
  • Nocturnal activity
38
Q

Individual

A

One of a species

39
Q

Population

A

All individuals of a species in a specific location

40
Q

Community

A

All populations of species in a specific location

41
Q

Ecosystem

A

All living and non-living things in a specific location

42
Q

Biome

A

Type of ecosystem e.g desert, rainforest

43
Q

Niche

A

The role of a species in an ecosystem. It consists of:
- It’s role in the ecosystem e.g herbivore
- It’s tolerance limits
- It’s requirements for shelter, nesting sites throughout the year
If there is too much overlap in species niches, they leave or evolve

44
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close and long-term biological relationship between 2 different biological organisms.

45
Q

Mutualism

A

Both partners benefit
Obligate: each species is entirely dependant on the other
Facultative: Each species benefits, but not needed for survival

46
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits while the other is unaffected

47
Q

Parasitism

A

A non-mutual relationship between 2 organisms. One species, the parasite benefits at the expense of the host

48
Q

Amensalism

A

An individual species harms another without obtaining benefit- accident

49
Q

Predation

A

A predator (hunting organism) feeds on its prey

50
Q

Keystone species

A

An organism that plays a unique and crucial role in maintaining the structure of a community. Without them, the ecosystem would be very different or not exist

51
Q

Processes affecting population size

A
  1. Natality
  2. Mortality
  3. Immigration
  4. Emigration
52
Q

Adaptations in arctic environments

A
  • Huddling
  • Migration- moving large distances to seek better food availability or breeding grounds

VCE 1/2 Biology (4 decks)

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