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VCE 1/2 Biology > Unit 1: AoS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1: AoS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life
  2. All living things are composed of either one cell (unicellular) or more than one cell (multicellular) and cell products
  3. All cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells, or biogenesis
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • No true nucleus- they have a nucleoid region where the DNA is
  • Single circular unprotected DNA
  • Smaller than eukaryotes
    EXAMPLES: Bacteria, archaea
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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Have membrane bound organelles
  • DNA is linear and contained within a membrane-bound nucleus
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
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4
Q

Relationship between SA:V and size

A

As an organism’s size increases, its SA:V ratio decreases
There are limits to cell size as too big it cannot diffuse effectively

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5
Q

Ways to increase SA:V ratio

A
  1. Flatten cell
  2. Extension of the cell (villi and microvilli)
  3. Cell compartmentalisation
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6
Q

Benefits of cell compartmentalisation

A
  • Allows each organelle to function within optimal conditions
  • If conditions change, it only affects the cytoplasm rather than all the organelles
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7
Q

Function of the nucleus and structure

A
  • Contains genetic material
  • Controls cell function
  • Found in the cytoplasm
  • Has a porous double membrane called the nuclear membrane
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8
Q

Function of the ribosomes and structure

A
  • Not membrane-bound organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Found in the cytoplasm and rough ER
  • Made of 2 RNA subunits
  • Role: protein synthesis
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9
Q

Function of mitochondria and structure

A
  • Site of aerobic cellular respiration and ATP energy production
  • It has 2 membranes, with the inner one folded to increase SA:V
  • Folds formed are called cristae
  • Some contain DNA
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10
Q

Function of chloroplasts and structure

A
  • Found in the chloroplast of stem and leaf cells of plants and some protists
  • Site of photosynthesis
  • Contain special plastids that have chlorophyll
  • Inside chloroplasts are stacks of flattened sacs known as grana
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11
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum and structure

A
  • Transports proteins from ribosomes and packages and sends them around the cell
  • Complex structure of membranous tubules with ribosomes
  • Located in the cytoplasm
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12
Q

Function of golgi body and structure

A
  • Stack of flat, disconnected sacs called cisternae
  • Modifies, packages and stores proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum
  • Then sends them to cell membrane for exocytosis
  • Located in the cytoplasm
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13
Q

Plasma membrane structure and function

A
  • Fluid mosaic model- made up of many particles, differentially permeable
  • Differentially permeable- lets some things in but not others
  • Forms an insoluble boundary between the inside and outside of the cell
  • Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
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14
Q

Components of a plasma membrane

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Protein channels
  3. Carbohydrate chains
  4. Chelesterol molecules
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15
Q

Phospholipid bilayer structure and function

A
  • Hydrophilic head- polar
  • Hydrophobic tail- non-polar
  • Heads of the phospholipids can come in contact with water, but the tails can’t
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16
Q

Protein channels structure and function

A
  • Integral: goes through the membrane
  • Peripheral: on one side of the membrane and jumps to the other side to transport particles, can also be markers
  • Both act as doors into the cell and are highly specific in what they let through
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17
Q

Carbohydrate chains structure and function

A
  • Linked to proteins or lipids on surface of the membrane
  • Involved in cell recognition and adhesion
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18
Q

Chelesterol molecules structure and function

A
  • In between the phosphilipids
  • Provides stability and reduces permeability to small water molecules
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19
Q

Diffusion definition

A

The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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20
Q

Factors affecting rate of diffusion

A
  1. Concentration- greater difference, faster diffusion
  2. Temperature- higher temperature, faster diffusion
  3. Particle size- smaller particles, faster diffusion
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21
Q

Osmosis definition and process

A

The net movement of water molecules across a differentially permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration of water molecules

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22
Q

Simple diffusion definition and process

A

Small, uncharged particles, and other non-polar molecules move across the phospholipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion definition and process

A

Diffusion of a substance aided across a membrane by a specific protein channel or carrier protein. A passive form of transport

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24
Q

Active transport definition and process

A

Using energy expenditure (ATP) to move materials against the concentration gradient through protein channels known as pumps.

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25
Q

Bulk transport definition and process

A

Uses large amounts of energy to move large molecules or groups of molecules through the membrane.

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26
Q

Isotonic definition

A

Optimal balance of solute on both sides of a membrane- no net movement

27
Q

Hypotonic definition

A

More solutes dissolved inside the cell- water moves into the cell

28
Q

Hypertonic definition

A

Less solutes dissolved inside the cell- water moves out of the cell

29
Q

Turgor

A

When a plant cell is in a hypotonic environment, water enters the cell, expanding it. It does not explode due to the cell wall, but becomes turgid and hard

30
Q

Binary fission process

A
  1. Single circular chromosome replicates- begins at a point called the Origin
  2. Cell begins to pinch inwards, forming a cleavage and splitting into 2 (cytokenisis)
31
Q

Purpose of cell replication

A
  1. Restoring the nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
  2. Growth and development
  3. Maintainence and repair
  4. Asexual reproduction
32
Q

G 0 phase of the cell cycle

A

Cell cycle arrest (apoptosis) if something goes wrong

33
Q

Plasmolysis

A

When a plant cell is in a hypertonic environment and loses water to the environment, becoming flaccid.

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

Incorperation of substances from outside to inside the cell in a membrane bound vesicle.

35
Q

Exocytosis

A

Releases substances e.g wastes or products for secretion in a membrane bound vesicle.

36
Q

G1 phase

A
  • Interphase
  • Cellular contents, except chromosomes are duplicated
37
Q

G 2 phase

A
  • Interphase
  • Checks everything duplicated properly
  • Increases in size and accumulates materials for mitosis
38
Q

S phase

A
  • Interphase
  • DNA synthesis
  • Each chromosome makes an exact copy of itself becoming double stranded with 2 chromatids
39
Q

Features of interphase

A
  • Nucleus is well-defined
  • Chromosomes are not visible
  • Usually lasts >12 -24 hours in mammals
40
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

P- prophase
M- metaphase
A- anaphase
T- telophase

41
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes shorten and thicken, become visible
  • They are held together by the centromere
  • Centrioles move apart, with microtubules of the mitotic spindle continuing to extend from the centrioles
42
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Mitotic spindle fully formed between pairs of centrioles at the 2 poles
  • The double stranded chromosomes line up around the equator of the cell
43
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Each centromere divides, so that the single stranded copies of each chromosome move to opposite ends as the tubules shorten
  • One copy of each chromosome moves to each end of the spindle
44
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes become thinner and less obvious
  • A new nuclear membrame begins to form around each group of chromosomes
  • Completes mitosis
45
Q

Cytokenisis definition and process

A
  • The division of cytoplasm towards the end of mitosis
  • In animal cells, the plasma membrane pinches inward
  • Plant cells lay down a new cell membrane and wall
46
Q

Apoptosis definition

A

Genetically programmed cell death

47
Q

Roles of apoptosis

A
  • Maintainence of adult cell numbers
  • Defence against damaged or dangerous cells
  • Transformation and sculpting of tissue
    e.g forming of fingers and toes in a foetus
    sloughing of the endometrium during menstruation
48
Q

Process of apoptosis

A
  1. Cell membrane shrinks, DNA fragments and lysomes empty their contents into the cell
  2. Cellular components break down into vesicles
  3. Consumed by phagocytes (white blood cells)
49
Q

What happens if apoptosis occurs too much or not enough?

A

Too much: degenerative diseases like Alzheimers
Too little: cause cancer

50
Q

Necrosis definition

A

Premature cell death

51
Q

Necrosis process

A
  • Membrane ruptures, causing contents of the cell to empty into the surrounding environment
  • Can cause infection or trauma, which can be lethal to surrounding cells
52
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A
  • Grow when they should not
  • Do not die when they should
53
Q

Mutagens

A
  • Agents that alter the DNA molecule
  • Any interference in this steucture can interfere with its regulatory role
  • Can cause formation of developmental abnormalities or cancers
54
Q

Stem cell

A

Undifferentiated or partially undifferentiated cell that has the ability to give rise to cells that become differentiated.

55
Q

Multipotent

A

Can make many types of specialised cells, but not all

56
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can make most types of specialised cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent

57
Q

Totipotent

A

Can differentiate into all tipes of specialised cells in the body including the cells that are needed during the development of the embryo- placenta, yolk sac, umbilical cord

58
Q

Unipotent

A

Can only differentiate into one type of specialised cell.

59
Q

Ectoderm germ layers can give rise to…

A

skin and nervous system cells

60
Q

Mesoderm germ layers can give rise to…

A

Muscle, bone, blood, urogenital

61
Q

Endoderm germ layers can give rise to…

A

Lungs, gastrointestinal

62
Q

Order of cell potency

A

TPMU- Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, Unipotent

63
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosome that has the same gene loci

64
Q

What is chromatin

A

A single long strand of DNA coiled around proteins called histones

VCE 1/2 Biology (4 decks)

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