Unit 2 AOS2 Flashcards
A child’s needs.
- Physical.
- Social.
- Emotional.
- Intellectual.
Physical needs
The need for food, air, water, activity, rest and physical safety.
- Nutritional foods.
- adequate sleep, housing and access to healthcare.
Social needs.
The need for belonging, self-worth and the respect of others.
- Socialisation.
- Provide love, affection, confidence, attention and opportunities.
Emotional needs.
The need to feel loved and wanted by caregivers.
- Positive parent practices with warmth and praise to create emotional security.
Intellectual needs.
Knowledge, understanding, curiosity and search for meaning.
- Learning and communication.
Social support for parents.
informal or practical assistance from
relatives, friends, neighbours or the community.
This could include practical assistance with money and babysitting.
Having family members and individuals you trust to help babysit so parents can work and increase their financial resources.
With higher social support parents can better cope with stress and be more resilient.
Good for a child to have others in their life, for support and affection to help with development.
Emotional support for parents.
The feeling that others understand your needs and will try to help you.
Fears of being a good parent.
Lack of sleep.
‘Baby blues’ feel anxiety, mood swings and irritability.
Children who have a good emotional and social support network, when they become adults they may find it easier to create and maintain a supportive social network.
Health Literacy.
Knowledge people have regarding basic health information to make appropriate decisions about their health and well-being.
Antenatal Care.
Medical care is given to a pregnant woman before her baby is born.
Medicare
Covers whilst pregnant (help with cost):
- routine ultrasounds
- pregnancy counselling
- blood tests
- some immunisations
- care from midwives and obstetricians.
Dad and partner pay
New dads and partners receive up to 2 weeks of government-funded pay whilst on unpaid leave from work during the 1st year of birth or adoption.
Paid parental leave
A short-term payment while you are on leave from work to care for your new child.
Maternal and Child Health Service
Primary health service (free). A nurse will visit their homes after the baby is born, and talk about parenting, growth, development, promotion of health and wellbeing and social supports.
The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) app
Find essential and trustworthy information on pregnancy and infancy.
Can assist parents with appointments and finding useful contacts.
My Health, Learning and Development Record
- A record of a child’s health and wellbeing, growth and development
- Reminder for parents to attend maternal and child health visits and ask questions about the baby’s progress.
- Important child health and well-being and development education
- A booklet for information to be recorded at visits to a maternal and child health nurse
- a way of communicating between parents, and healthcare professionals.
Maternal and Child Health Line
Telephone support networks. Childcare health nurses provide information, support and advice regarding a child’s health.
Sperm
Male sex cell.
Ova
Female egg.
Fertilisation (conception)
Half of the mum and dad’s genetic material forms to create a zygote.
Where does fertilisation occur?
Fallopian tube.
In-vitro fertilisation.
Extracting an ova from a woman’s ovaries and mixing them with sperm outside the woman’s body. The zygote is then implanted into the woman’s uterus.
Stages of pre-natal development.
- Germinal
- Embryotic
- Foetal
Germinal Stage
0-2 weeks.
Starts at fertilisation and ends at implantation (cluster of cells attached to endometrium).
The zygote travels down the fallopian tube whilst dividing, after 4 days the zygote reaches 16 cells and becomes a morula.
5 days after: 64 cells –> transform into blastocyst.
Morula
Solid ball of cells.
Blastocyst
A cluster of cells where some cell differentiation may take place.
Inner cells become an embryo.
Outer cells become the placenta.
Cell differentiation
Cells take on specialised roles.
Embryotic Stage
3-8 weeks.
Starts at implantation and ends in the 8th week.
Characterised by cell differentiation; cells take on roles such as the heart, skin and bone cells.
Most organs and internal systems developed; Circulatory, respiratory,(lungs) and nervous system
The brain and spinal cord are almost complete.
Sensitive to teratogens (environmental factors), such as alcohol and drugs.
Foetal stage
9 - birth (38 aprox. weeks.)
Grows to 50cm.
Rapid development + milestones.
Development of lungs, liver, digestive system and kidneys (start to mature).
Placenta fully functioning by week 14.
Placenta
Temporary organ made of blood cells, formed by blastocyst.
Mother’s blood surrounds the villi and provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus through the umbilical cord.
Feotals waste also leaves through the umbilical cord.
The umbilical cord.
Connects the foetus to the placenta.
Made up of 2 arteries and 1 vein.
Supplies nutrients and oxygenated blood. Returns deoxygenated blood and nutrient-depleted blood to the
placenta.
3 stages of birth.
- Dilation of the cervix.
- The birth.
- The afterbirth.
Dilation of the cervix
Begins when the uterus starts to contract. Labour is triggered by oxytocin.
The pressure of the baby’s head on the cervix leads to the release of oxytocin and the contraction of the uterus.
The birth
Cervix fully dilated (10cm).
Crowning occurs when the top of the baby’s head is seen.
The afterbirth
Give birth to the placenta - due to the powerful contractions of the uterus.
Injection of oxytocin may be needed to aid the constriction of blood vessels and reduce bleeding from the uterus.
Fontanelles
Soft spots on newborn skulls where bones haven’t fused together.
They allow the baby’s skull to move and overlap when the baby passes through the birth canal.
Changing environments
From being surrounded by warmth in the womb, and reliant on the placenta, the baby now must use its lungs to breathe and rely on the mother for warmth and nourishment.
Apgar scale
Appearance (skin colour)
Pulse (pulse rate)
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration (breathing; a cry)
Risk factors
increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury.
- Smoking during pregnancy
- Drinking during pregnancy
Protective factors
enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessens the likelihood of negative health and wellbeing outcomes from exposure to risk.
- Vaccination
- Maternal diet
Smoking during pregnancy
Detrimental to the growth and development of a foetus.
Tobacco smoke - reduces oxygen supply and blood flow to the foetus.
Nicotine - increases the heart rate of the foetus and reduces the ability to practice breathing after birth.
- Low birthweight babies.
Low birthweight babies - smoking.
- Baby weighing less than 2500gm.
- Greater risk of developing significant disabilities and premature death.
- More likely to be resuscitated after birth.
Maternal smoking
- Low birth weight.
- Miscarriage.
- Ectopic pregnancy.
- Prematurity.
- Complications of placenta.
- Birth defects.
High rates of smoking:
- Young mothers.
- Lowest socioeconomic status.
- Live in rural/remote areas.
Alcohol during pregnancy
Alcohol can cross the placenta and be detrimental to foetal health and development.
- Low birth weight.
- Increase risk of miscarriages.
- Damage to central nervous systems and retardation depending on timing and exposure.
- Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Life-long physical and/or neurological impairments:
- Abnormal facial features (smooth ridge between nose and mouth).
- Small head size.
- Shorter than average height.
- Low body weight.
- Poor coordination.
- Poor memory.
Maternal Vaccinations
Women fully immunised against:
- Chickenpox.
- Influenza.
- Rubella.
- Mumps.
- Measles.
If one experiences any of these during pregnancy there is an increase in the chance of miscarriage and prenatal development abnormalities.
Child immunisation coverage
Percentage of children in Australia who have had all vaccines recommended for their age.
Herd immunity
When enough people are vaccinated against a disease to prevent it from spreading. Offers indirect protection to:
- Unvaccinated people. (children too young to be vaccinated).
- People unable to be vaccinated.
- Vaccination that hasn’t been fully effective.
Maternal diet
Consume a healthy balanced diet whilst pregnant, to meet nutritional needs for both themselves and baby.
Foods mothers should eat:
Folate (Vitamin B).
- Green leafy vegetables, cereals, fruits and grains.
- Protects against neural tube defects.
Iodine.
- Development of brain and nervous systems of foetus.
Calcium
- Development of hard tissues (bone) in the foetus, and maintains bone strength for the mother.
Neural tube defects
The neural tube is the casting that encloses the brain and spinal cord.
Neural defects are when the neural tube does not close completely.
Types of Neural Defects
- Spina Bifida.
- Anencephaly.
- Encephalocele.
Avoid foods…
Soft cheeses and soft serve ice cream, as they increase the risk of miscarriage.
Fish –> mercury.
Maternal Mortality
The maternal mortality rate of Indigenous Australian women is 3 times higher than non-Indigenous women.
Typical causes of maternal mortality are cardiovascular disease and haemorrhaging (broken blood vessels).
Cephalocaudal
Development that occurs from
the head downwards.
Proximodistal Development
Development occurs from the centre of the body outwards to the extremities.
