Unit 2 AOS1 - Prenatal to Childhood Flashcards
Development
A progressive series of changes which occur over the lifespan. Changes are qualitative and include physical, intellectual, emotional and social changes.
Fertilisation
Occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic materials fuse together to make a single cell called a zygote.
Ovum
Referred to as ‘egg’ in female which mature once puberty occurs.
Contain a random half of the individual’s genetic material to essentially make half a cell.
Sperm
Production starts during puberty and sperm form in the testes at a rapid rate.
Contain a random half of the individual’s genetic material to essentially make half a cell.
Teratogen
Anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development. Examples include; tobacco smoke, alcohol, shellfish, prescription medication and some disease like measles.
Endometrium
The nutrient-rich lining on the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur.
Germinal Stage
Start/Finish: fertilisation and sends with implantation (day 10-12)
Description:
Embryonic Stage
Start/Finish: implantation to eighth week
Description: Most critical for human development - most internal and external organs and systems are formed during this stage, and the brain and spinal cord and almost complete by the end of it, as well as limbs continue to grow and develop. 90% of structures found in adult human can be found in an eight-week-old embryo.
Foetal Stage
Start/Finish: ninth week to birth (around 40 weeks)
Description: Foetus grows from a few centimeters to 50 centimetres during this stage. All organs and systems formed in the embryonic stage - including the lungs, digestive system, liver and kidneys - mature and are functioning in the early stages. Placenta is fully developed and function at 14 weeks. Sex organs start taking shape and by 15th week the sex of the foetus may be identifiable. Movement occurs, bones start to harden or ossify, senses begin to function around 25 weeks after fertilisation and fat is deposited under the skin during later weeks o the foetal stage.
Cephalocaudal
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Proximodistal
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Identify 4 examples of teratogens
- thalidomide
- -
What stage of prenatal development is most susceptible to teratogens?
Embryonic Stage
Prenatal (lifespan stage)
Start/Finish: fertilisation to birth
Rate of Growth: rapid growth
Infancy (lifespan stage)
Start/Finish: birth to 2 years old
Rate of Growth:
Early Childhood (lifespan stage)
Start/Finish:
Rate of Growth:
Late Childhood (lifespan stage)
Start/Finish:
Rate of Growth:
What does the APGAR test stand for?
A - Appearance P - Pulse G - Grimace A - Activity R - Respiration
How is the APGAR test scored and measured?
Score 0 - Score 1 -Score 2
Heart Rate: 0:Absent - 1:Slow (fewer than 100 beats per minute) - 2:Over 100 beats per minute
Respiratory effort: 0:Absent - 1:Slow or irregular - 2:Good; baby is crying
Muscle tone: 0:Flaccid, limp - 1:Weak, some flexion - 2:Strong, active motion
Colour: 0:Blue or pale - 1:Body pink, extremities blue - 2:Completely pink
Reflex irritability: 0:No response - 1:Frown, grimace, or weak cry - 2:Vigorous cries, coughs, sneezes
5 functions that need to adapt ‘on the outside’ after birth
Nutrition, Circulation, Temperature, Excretion and Respiration
Respiration In-Utero
The lungs are full of amniotic fluid, therefore not used to breathing oxygen.
Oxygen exchange occurs through placenta. Baby’s body must adjust to breathing gas rather than fluid.
Respiration At Birth
Umbilical cord is cut, neonate must learn to breathe through lungs.
Lungs inflate as neonate begins breathing, excess lung fluid absorbed.
It take fifteen minute for fluid to disappear and lungs to fully inflate.
Circulation In-Utero
In-utero only 2 chambers of the heart.
Blood flows through the chamber opening and is then pushed by the left side of the heart to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
Oxygen from blood flows through umbilical cord to right side of heart
Lungs are not used
Circulation At Birth
Change in blood pressure when umbilical cord is cut and allows blood to circulate to lungs
Increasing pressure on the left side of the heart forcing a flap of tissue to block and close the opening between the top two chambers of the heart permanently
Blood entering from right side is pumped to body
Left side blood is pumped to lungs to collect oxygen
Why are Percentile Charts/Graphs used?
Percentile Charts/Graphs monitor an individual’s growth pattern over time and ensures physical development is occurring normally and it enables assessment and comparison against norms.
Three things that are measured through Percentile Charts/Graphs?
- Height
- Weight
- Head Circumference
Immunisation
Immunisation is the action or process of protecting people against harmful disease before they come in contact with them in the community
Difference between immunisation and vaccination?
Immunisation - receiving a vaccine and becoming immune to a disease, as a result of being vaccinated.
Vaccination - having a vaccine
What is in vaccines?
Vaccines contain small doses of either; a live but weakened virus, a killed bacteria or virus (or small parts of bacteria, or a modified toxin produced by bacteria)
Why should parents get their children immunized?
It’s the safest way of providing protection against disease. benefit out ways risk. The more people immunised the less the infection is spread.
Reasons why parents do not immunise their children
Some people don’t want to vaccinate for personal or philosophical reasons like they think their children will get autism
Reasons why exemptions are granted (immunisations)
It is not compulsory in Australia to have a vaccination. Although the new “no jab, no pay” is coming into place to prevent parents from opting out of vaccinating their children. If you have a medical reason as to why you should not be vaccinated. E.g. if you are undergoing treatment which could compromise the immune system. For example if you’re going through chemo.
Name 4 disease that children in Australia are immunised against
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