Unit 2 AOS1 - Prenatal to Childhood

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

A progressive series of changes which occur over the lifespan. Changes are qualitative and include physical, intellectual, emotional and social changes.

Question 2

Fertilisation

Answer 2

Occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic materials fuse together to make a single cell called a zygote.

Question 3

Ovum

Answer 3

Referred to as ‘egg’ in female which mature once puberty occurs.
Contain a random half of the individual’s genetic material to essentially make half a cell.

Question 4

Sperm

Answer 4

Production starts during puberty and sperm form in the testes at a rapid rate.
Contain a random half of the individual’s genetic material to essentially make half a cell.

Question 5

Teratogen

Answer 5

Anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development. Examples include; tobacco smoke, alcohol, shellfish, prescription medication and some disease like measles.

Question 6

Endometrium

Answer 6

The nutrient-rich lining on the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur.

Question 7

Germinal Stage

Answer 7

Start/Finish: fertilisation and sends with implantation (day 10-12)
Description:

Question 8

Embryonic Stage

Answer 8

Start/Finish: implantation to eighth week
Description: Most critical for human development - most internal and external organs and systems are formed during this stage, and the brain and spinal cord and almost complete by the end of it, as well as limbs continue to grow and develop. 90% of structures found in adult human can be found in an eight-week-old embryo.

Question 9

Foetal Stage

Answer 9

Start/Finish: ninth week to birth (around 40 weeks)
Description: Foetus grows from a few centimeters to 50 centimetres during this stage. All organs and systems formed in the embryonic stage - including the lungs, digestive system, liver and kidneys - mature and are functioning in the early stages. Placenta is fully developed and function at 14 weeks. Sex organs start taking shape and by 15th week the sex of the foetus may be identifiable. Movement occurs, bones start to harden or ossify, senses begin to function around 25 weeks after fertilisation and fat is deposited under the skin during later weeks o the foetal stage.

Question 10

Cephalocaudal

Answer 10

?

Question 11

Proximodistal

Answer 11

?

Question 12

Identify 4 examples of teratogens

Answer 12

• thalidomide
• -

Question 13

What stage of prenatal development is most susceptible to teratogens?

Answer 13

Embryonic Stage

Question 14

Prenatal (lifespan stage)

Answer 14

Start/Finish: fertilisation to birth

Rate of Growth: rapid growth

Question 15

Infancy (lifespan stage)

Answer 15

Start/Finish: birth to 2 years old

Rate of Growth:

Question 16

Early Childhood (lifespan stage)

Answer 16

Start/Finish:

Rate of Growth:

Question 17

Late Childhood (lifespan stage)

Answer 17

Start/Finish:

Rate of Growth:

Question 18

What does the APGAR test stand for?

Answer 18

A - Appearance
P - Pulse
G - Grimace 
A - Activity
R - Respiration

Question 19

How is the APGAR test scored and measured?

Answer 19

Score 0 - Score 1 -Score 2

Heart Rate: 0:Absent - 1:Slow (fewer than 100 beats per minute) - 2:Over 100 beats per minute
Respiratory effort: 0:Absent - 1:Slow or irregular - 2:Good; baby is crying
Muscle tone: 0:Flaccid, limp - 1:Weak, some flexion - 2:Strong, active motion
Colour: 0:Blue or pale - 1:Body pink, extremities blue - 2:Completely pink
Reflex irritability: 0:No response - 1:Frown, grimace, or weak cry - 2:Vigorous cries, coughs, sneezes

Question 20

5 functions that need to adapt ‘on the outside’ after birth

Answer 20

Nutrition, Circulation, Temperature, Excretion and Respiration

Question 21

Respiration In-Utero

Answer 21

The lungs are full of amniotic fluid, therefore not used to breathing oxygen.
Oxygen exchange occurs through placenta. Baby’s body must adjust to breathing gas rather than fluid.

Question 22

Respiration At Birth

Answer 22

Umbilical cord is cut, neonate must learn to breathe through lungs.
Lungs inflate as neonate begins breathing, excess lung fluid absorbed.
It take fifteen minute for fluid to disappear and lungs to fully inflate.

Question 23

Circulation In-Utero

Answer 23

In-utero only 2 chambers of the heart.
Blood flows through the chamber opening and is then pushed by the left side of the heart to deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
Oxygen from blood flows through umbilical cord to right side of heart
Lungs are not used

Question 24

Circulation At Birth

Answer 24

Change in blood pressure when umbilical cord is cut and allows blood to circulate to lungs
Increasing pressure on the left side of the heart forcing a flap of tissue to block and close the opening between the top two chambers of the heart permanently
Blood entering from right side is pumped to body
Left side blood is pumped to lungs to collect oxygen

Question 25

Why are Percentile Charts/Graphs used?

Answer 25

Percentile Charts/Graphs monitor an individual’s growth pattern over time and ensures physical development is occurring normally and it enables assessment and comparison against norms.

Question 26

Three things that are measured through Percentile Charts/Graphs?

Answer 26

• Height
• Weight
• Head Circumference

Question 27

Immunisation

Answer 27

Immunisation is the action or process of protecting people against harmful disease before they come in contact with them in the community

Question 28

Difference between immunisation and vaccination?

Answer 28

Immunisation - receiving a vaccine and becoming immune to a disease, as a result of being vaccinated.
Vaccination - having a vaccine

Question 29

What is in vaccines?

Answer 29

Vaccines contain small doses of either; a live but weakened virus, a killed bacteria or virus (or small parts of bacteria, or a modified toxin produced by bacteria)

Question 30

Why should parents get their children immunized?

Answer 30

It’s the safest way of providing protection against disease. benefit out ways risk. The more people immunised the less the infection is spread.

Question 31

Reasons why parents do not immunise their children

Answer 31

Some people don’t want to vaccinate for personal or philosophical reasons like they think their children will get autism

Question 32

Reasons why exemptions are granted (immunisations)

Answer 32

It is not compulsory in Australia to have a vaccination. Although the new “no jab, no pay” is coming into place to prevent parents from opting out of vaccinating their children. If you have a medical reason as to why you should not be vaccinated. E.g. if you are undergoing treatment which could compromise the immune system. For example if you’re going through chemo.

Question 33

Name 4 disease that children in Australia are immunised against

Answer 33

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