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Unit 2: Health and Human Development > Unit 2: AOS 1 Pt2 > Flashcards

Unit 2: AOS 1 Pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

Amniotic Fluid: Definition

A

the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby

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2
Q

Antenatal Care: Definition

A

relates to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born

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3
Q

Blastocyst: Definition

A

thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo

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4
Q

Cell Differentiation: Definition

A

when cells take on specialised roles

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5
Q

Cephalocaudal Development: Definition

A

development that occurs from the head down

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6
Q

Chromosomes: Definition

A

strands of DNA that contain genetic information

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7
Q

Development Milestone: Definition

A

the average age at which a child achieves skills such as crawling or standing or saying its first word

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8
Q

Embryo: Definition

A

cell mass from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilisation

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9
Q

Emotional Needs: Definition

A

the need to feel loved and wanted by caregivers

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10
Q

Emotional Support: Definition

A

the feeling that others understand your needs and will try to help you

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11
Q

Endometrium: Definition

A

the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur

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12
Q

Epigenetics: Definition

A

the study of how behaviours and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work

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13
Q

Epigenome: Definition

A

set of the instructions that decides which bits of your DNA are activated, or which genes are switched on or off

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14
Q

Fertilisation: Definition

A

the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell, marks the beginning of pregnancy (aka conception)

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15
Q

Fertility: Definition

A

the natural capability to produce offspring

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16
Q

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Definition

A

describes a range of features seen in babies who have been exposed to alcohol while inside the womb

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17
Q

Gamete: Definition

A

sex cell (ovum/sperm)

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18
Q

Genes: Definition

A

blueprint of the body that controls growth, development and how the body functions

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19
Q

Genome: Definition

A

an individual’s complete set of DNA

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20
Q

Implantation: Definition

A

when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attaches itself to the endometrium

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21
Q

Intellectual Needs: Definition

A

knowledge, understanding, curiosity and searching for meaning

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22
Q

Intergenerational: Definition

A

the health and wellbeing of one generation affects the health and wellbeing of the next

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23
Q

Low Birth Weight: Measurement

A

less than 2500 grams at birth

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24
Q

Morula: Definition

A

a solid ball of cells created from a zygote

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25
Q

Needs: Definition

A

things we must have to survive (food,water,safety)

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26
Q

Neural Tube Defect: Definition

A

failure of the neural tube (which develops into the central nervous system) to close during the development of the embryo, resulting in conditions such as spina bifida

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27
Q

Object permanence: Definition

A

an awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

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28
Q

Organogenesis: Definition

A

the formation of organs

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29
Q

Parenting: Definition

A

the process of promoting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and health and wellbeing of a child from birth to adulthood

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30
Q

Physical Needs: Definition

A

the need for food, air, water, activity, rest and physical safety

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31
Q

Placenta: Definition

A

an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and wastes between mother and foetus

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32
Q

Protective Factor: Definition

A

something that enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessens the likelihood of negative health and wellbeing comes from exposure to risk

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33
Q

Proximodistal Development: Definition

A

development that occurs from the core or centre of the body outwards towards the extremities

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34
Q

Regenerate: Definition

A

regrow to replace damaged, old or dead cells or tissue

35
Q

Responsibility: Definition

A

being answerable or accountable for something within one’s control

36
Q

Risk Factor: Definition

A

something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

37
Q

Sanctions: Definition

A

rewards or punishments imposed to encourage appropriate behaviour

38
Q

Social Needs: Definition

A

the need for belonging, self-worth and respect of others

39
Q

Social Support: Definition

A

informal or practical assistance from relatives, friends, neighbours or the community

40
Q

Socialisation: Definition

A

the process by which an individual learns to live according to the expectations of a group or society

41
Q

Teratogen: Definition

A

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development

42
Q

Teratogen: Examples

A

tobacco smoke, alcohol, prescription medication and some diseases, such as rubella

43
Q

Zygote: Definition

A

cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm

44
Q

Germinal: Age

A

Fertilisation-Implantation

45
Q

Embryonic: Age

A

3-8 weeks

46
Q

Foetal: Age

A

9-38

47
Q

Week 1: Overview

A
  • Fertilisation occurs when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a zygote
  • Thirty hours after fertilisation, the process of cell division begins and will continue for life
  • After three days, the zygote consists of 16 cells
  • The zygote travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus
48
Q

Week 2: Overview

A
  • Around a week after fertilisation, the ball of cells (blastocyst) begins to implant into the endometrium. The implantation process takes about a week to complete
  • The formation of the placenta begins
49
Q

Week 3: Overview

A
  • Implantation is complete, the developing baby is referred to as an embryo
  • Cells continue to divide rapidly and start taking on specialised roles as the organs begin to develop
50
Q

Week 4: Overview

A
  • The tissues that will become the brain and spine (the neural tube) start to develop
  • Around 3 millimetres in length, the embryo secretes hormones to maintain the endometrium and to prevent the mother from having a menstrual period
51
Q

Week 5: Overview

A
  • Buds appear on each side of the embryo that will become the limbs, the heart begins to beat
  • Brain cells are being generated at a rate of 100 per minute
52
Q

Week 6: Overview

A
  • The spinal cord looks like a tail and the head is large in relation to the rest of the body
  • The embryo is approximately 1.3 centimetres long
53
Q

Week 7: Overview

A
  • Blood cells are being made in the liver
  • Facial features such as the eyes and mouth are forming
  • Tiny muscles have formed, which allow the embryo to move
54
Q

Week 8: Overview

A
  • The embryo is around 2.5 centimetres in length
  • Fingers and toes are starting to form
  • The brain is now active
55
Q

Week 9-38: Overview

A
  • The developing baby is now known as a foetus
  • All the body’s organs are formed but not all are functioning at this point
  • The foetus is around 7 centimetres in length in week 11
  • Teeth are beginning to form in the gums
  • Eyelids are fused over the eye
56
Q

Week 14-18: Overview

A
  • The foetus is around 14 centimetres in length in week 14
  • The tongue develops taste buds
  • Ears are fully functioning and the foetus can hear muffled sounds from the outside world
  • The sex of the foetus can be distinguished via an ultrasound
57
Q

Week 19-23: Overview

A
  • The foetus is around 33 centimetres in length in week 22
  • The foetus will swallow regularly but takes in only amniotic fluid
  • The eyelids separate into upper and lower lids and the foetus can open and shut its eyes
58
Q

Week 24-28: Overview

A
  • The foetus is around 37 centimetres long and weighs approximately 1 kilogram
  • The fingers and toes grow nails
  • The foetus’s body has grown and it is now more in proportion with the size of the head but will take until childhood to completely catch up
  • In preparation for breathing, production of surfactant begins
59
Q

Week 29-33: Overview

A
  • The foetus spends most of its time asleep.
  • Eyebrows and eyelashes grow
  • Fat is laid down under the skin to assist with adjusting to life outside the uterus
  • The foetus moves in a strong and coordinated way
60
Q

Week 34-38: Overview

A
  • The foetus assumes the ‘head down’ position in preparation for birth
  • The lungs develop at a rapid rate during this time
  • The foetus is around 50 centimetres in length
61
Q

Risk Factors: Definition

A

increases the likelihood of developing disease of injury

62
Q

Risk Factors: Example

A
  • poverty
  • alcohol consumption
  • drug use
  • tobacco use
  • maternal age
  • stress
  • undernutrition
    • low oxygen levels at birth, can’t maintain body temp, infection, SIDS
63
Q

Protective Factors: Definition

A

enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessen the likelihood of negative health and well-being outcomes from exposure to risk

64
Q

Protective Factors: Example

A
  • parenting information
  • appropriate weight gain
  • antenatal care
    • monitor and promote the mother’s health
  • emotional support
  • nutritious diet
  • immunisation
65
Q

Maternal Diet: Avoid

A

soft-serve ice cream, unpasteurised foods, pre-cooked or prepared cold foods, raw seafood

66
Q

Folate (folic acid): definition

A

B-group vitamin required for the formation of red blood cells, which transport oxygen around the body

67
Q

Folate (folic acid): Deprivations

A
  • Neural tube defects: failure of the neural tube (which develops into the central nervous system) to close during the development of the embryo, resulting in conditions such as spina bifida
    • Spina Bifida; walking difficulties, sexual dysfunction, urinary/faecal incontinence, deformations of the spine (scoliosis)
68
Q

Iodine: Definition

A

make thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine

69
Q

Iodine: Deprivations

A
  • Reduced brain cell branching: fewer connections and lower IQ
70
Q

Iron: Definition

A

component of hemoglobin (transfers oxygen from the lungs to tissues)

71
Q

Smoking: Causes

A

low birthweight, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, prematurity, birth defects, lung function abnormalities and respiratory conditions, perinatal mortality

72
Q

Alcohol: Causes

A
  • Foetal Alcohol Spectrum: seen in the facial features of affected children
  • H&W: increased risk of premature birth, undernourishment, reduction in amount of oxygen, stillbirth
  • PD: low birthweight, smaller head circumference, small eyes, flattened face, heart defects
73
Q

Each baby will interact with…

A

parents, siblings, peers, teachers, media, community

74
Q

Each baby will develop capabilities that are…

A

physical, intellectual, emotional, social

75
Q

Each baby will acquire…

A

skills, attitudes, knowledge, values, self-esteem, beliefs (observation, instruction, sanctions)

76
Q

Each baby can be influenced by…

A

socioeconomic status, genetic potential, hormones, nutrition, health status, cultural expectations, parenting style

77
Q

Developmental Milestone: Definition

A

the average age at which a child achieves skills such as crawling or standing or saying its first word

78
Q

Developmental Milestones: 2 Months

A
  • holds head up

- begins to push up when lying on stomach

79
Q

Developmental Milestones: 6 months

A
  • rolls over front to back, back to front
  • begins to sit without support
  • supports weight on legs when standing
80
Q

Developmental Milestones: 9 Months

A
  • can stand if holding onto things
  • sits without support
  • crawls
  • pulls to standing
81
Q

Developmental Milestones: 12 Months

A
  • pulls up to stand
  • walks holding on to furniture ‘cruising’
  • may be able to stand alone
82
Q

Developmental Milestone: 18 Months

A
  • can walk alone
  • walk and pull a toy along
  • drinks from a cup
  • eats with a spoon
83
Q

Developmental Milestone: 2 Years

A
  • kicks a ball
  • begins to run
  • climbs on and off furniture
  • walks up and down stairs (holding on)
  • throws ball overhand

Unit 2: Health and Human Development (3 decks)

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