Unit 2: AOS 1 Pt2 Flashcards
Amniotic Fluid: Definition
the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby
Antenatal Care: Definition
relates to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
Blastocyst: Definition
thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta and an inner cell mass that becomes the embryo
Cell Differentiation: Definition
when cells take on specialised roles
Cephalocaudal Development: Definition
development that occurs from the head down
Chromosomes: Definition
strands of DNA that contain genetic information
Development Milestone: Definition
the average age at which a child achieves skills such as crawling or standing or saying its first word
Embryo: Definition
cell mass from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilisation
Emotional Needs: Definition
the need to feel loved and wanted by caregivers
Emotional Support: Definition
the feeling that others understand your needs and will try to help you
Endometrium: Definition
the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur
Epigenetics: Definition
the study of how behaviours and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work
Epigenome: Definition
set of the instructions that decides which bits of your DNA are activated, or which genes are switched on or off
Fertilisation: Definition
the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell, marks the beginning of pregnancy (aka conception)
Fertility: Definition
the natural capability to produce offspring
Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Definition
describes a range of features seen in babies who have been exposed to alcohol while inside the womb
Gamete: Definition
sex cell (ovum/sperm)
Genes: Definition
blueprint of the body that controls growth, development and how the body functions
Genome: Definition
an individual’s complete set of DNA
Implantation: Definition
when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attaches itself to the endometrium
Intellectual Needs: Definition
knowledge, understanding, curiosity and searching for meaning
Intergenerational: Definition
the health and wellbeing of one generation affects the health and wellbeing of the next
Low Birth Weight: Measurement
less than 2500 grams at birth
Morula: Definition
a solid ball of cells created from a zygote
Needs: Definition
things we must have to survive (food,water,safety)
Neural Tube Defect: Definition
failure of the neural tube (which develops into the central nervous system) to close during the development of the embryo, resulting in conditions such as spina bifida
Object permanence: Definition
an awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Organogenesis: Definition
the formation of organs
Parenting: Definition
the process of promoting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and health and wellbeing of a child from birth to adulthood
Physical Needs: Definition
the need for food, air, water, activity, rest and physical safety
Placenta: Definition
an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and wastes between mother and foetus
Protective Factor: Definition
something that enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessens the likelihood of negative health and wellbeing comes from exposure to risk
Proximodistal Development: Definition
development that occurs from the core or centre of the body outwards towards the extremities
Regenerate: Definition
regrow to replace damaged, old or dead cells or tissue
Responsibility: Definition
being answerable or accountable for something within one’s control
Risk Factor: Definition
something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury
Sanctions: Definition
rewards or punishments imposed to encourage appropriate behaviour
Social Needs: Definition
the need for belonging, self-worth and respect of others
Social Support: Definition
informal or practical assistance from relatives, friends, neighbours or the community
Socialisation: Definition
the process by which an individual learns to live according to the expectations of a group or society
Teratogen: Definition
anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development
Teratogen: Examples
tobacco smoke, alcohol, prescription medication and some diseases, such as rubella
Zygote: Definition
cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm
Germinal: Age
Fertilisation-Implantation
Embryonic: Age
3-8 weeks
Foetal: Age
9-38
Week 1: Overview
- Fertilisation occurs when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a zygote
- Thirty hours after fertilisation, the process of cell division begins and will continue for life
- After three days, the zygote consists of 16 cells
- The zygote travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus
Week 2: Overview
- Around a week after fertilisation, the ball of cells (blastocyst) begins to implant into the endometrium. The implantation process takes about a week to complete
- The formation of the placenta begins
Week 3: Overview
- Implantation is complete, the developing baby is referred to as an embryo
- Cells continue to divide rapidly and start taking on specialised roles as the organs begin to develop
Week 4: Overview
- The tissues that will become the brain and spine (the neural tube) start to develop
- Around 3 millimetres in length, the embryo secretes hormones to maintain the endometrium and to prevent the mother from having a menstrual period
Week 5: Overview
- Buds appear on each side of the embryo that will become the limbs, the heart begins to beat
- Brain cells are being generated at a rate of 100 per minute
Week 6: Overview
- The spinal cord looks like a tail and the head is large in relation to the rest of the body
- The embryo is approximately 1.3 centimetres long
Week 7: Overview
- Blood cells are being made in the liver
- Facial features such as the eyes and mouth are forming
- Tiny muscles have formed, which allow the embryo to move
Week 8: Overview
- The embryo is around 2.5 centimetres in length
- Fingers and toes are starting to form
- The brain is now active
Week 9-38: Overview
- The developing baby is now known as a foetus
- All the body’s organs are formed but not all are functioning at this point
- The foetus is around 7 centimetres in length in week 11
- Teeth are beginning to form in the gums
- Eyelids are fused over the eye
Week 14-18: Overview
- The foetus is around 14 centimetres in length in week 14
- The tongue develops taste buds
- Ears are fully functioning and the foetus can hear muffled sounds from the outside world
- The sex of the foetus can be distinguished via an ultrasound
Week 19-23: Overview
- The foetus is around 33 centimetres in length in week 22
- The foetus will swallow regularly but takes in only amniotic fluid
- The eyelids separate into upper and lower lids and the foetus can open and shut its eyes
Week 24-28: Overview
- The foetus is around 37 centimetres long and weighs approximately 1 kilogram
- The fingers and toes grow nails
- The foetus’s body has grown and it is now more in proportion with the size of the head but will take until childhood to completely catch up
- In preparation for breathing, production of surfactant begins
Week 29-33: Overview
- The foetus spends most of its time asleep.
- Eyebrows and eyelashes grow
- Fat is laid down under the skin to assist with adjusting to life outside the uterus
- The foetus moves in a strong and coordinated way
Week 34-38: Overview
- The foetus assumes the ‘head down’ position in preparation for birth
- The lungs develop at a rapid rate during this time
- The foetus is around 50 centimetres in length
Risk Factors: Definition
increases the likelihood of developing disease of injury
Risk Factors: Example
- poverty
- alcohol consumption
- drug use
- tobacco use
- maternal age
- stress
- undernutrition
- low oxygen levels at birth, can’t maintain body temp, infection, SIDS
Protective Factors: Definition
enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessen the likelihood of negative health and well-being outcomes from exposure to risk
Protective Factors: Example
- parenting information
- appropriate weight gain
- antenatal care
- monitor and promote the mother’s health
- emotional support
- nutritious diet
- immunisation
Maternal Diet: Avoid
soft-serve ice cream, unpasteurised foods, pre-cooked or prepared cold foods, raw seafood
Folate (folic acid): definition
B-group vitamin required for the formation of red blood cells, which transport oxygen around the body
Folate (folic acid): Deprivations
- Neural tube defects: failure of the neural tube (which develops into the central nervous system) to close during the development of the embryo, resulting in conditions such as spina bifida
- Spina Bifida; walking difficulties, sexual dysfunction, urinary/faecal incontinence, deformations of the spine (scoliosis)
Iodine: Definition
make thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Iodine: Deprivations
- Reduced brain cell branching: fewer connections and lower IQ
Iron: Definition
component of hemoglobin (transfers oxygen from the lungs to tissues)
Smoking: Causes
low birthweight, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, prematurity, birth defects, lung function abnormalities and respiratory conditions, perinatal mortality
Alcohol: Causes
- Foetal Alcohol Spectrum: seen in the facial features of affected children
- H&W: increased risk of premature birth, undernourishment, reduction in amount of oxygen, stillbirth
- PD: low birthweight, smaller head circumference, small eyes, flattened face, heart defects
Each baby will interact with…
parents, siblings, peers, teachers, media, community
Each baby will develop capabilities that are…
physical, intellectual, emotional, social
Each baby will acquire…
skills, attitudes, knowledge, values, self-esteem, beliefs (observation, instruction, sanctions)
Each baby can be influenced by…
socioeconomic status, genetic potential, hormones, nutrition, health status, cultural expectations, parenting style
Developmental Milestone: Definition
the average age at which a child achieves skills such as crawling or standing or saying its first word
Developmental Milestones: 2 Months
- holds head up
- begins to push up when lying on stomach
Developmental Milestones: 6 months
- rolls over front to back, back to front
- begins to sit without support
- supports weight on legs when standing
Developmental Milestones: 9 Months
- can stand if holding onto things
- sits without support
- crawls
- pulls to standing
Developmental Milestones: 12 Months
- pulls up to stand
- walks holding on to furniture ‘cruising’
- may be able to stand alone
Developmental Milestone: 18 Months
- can walk alone
- walk and pull a toy along
- drinks from a cup
- eats with a spoon
Developmental Milestone: 2 Years
- kicks a ball
- begins to run
- climbs on and off furniture
- walks up and down stairs (holding on)
- throws ball overhand
