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Health and human development > unit 2 AOS 1 > Flashcards

unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards

developmental transitions

1
Q

what is a milestone

A

A significant skill or event occurring in a persons life

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2
Q

prenatal stage

A

Age range:
From fertilisation until the time of birth

Characterised by:
Development of the bodily organs and structures
Substantial growth

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3
Q

Infancy Stage

A

Age range: birth – the 2nd birthday

Characterised by:
Rapid growth
Motor skills

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4
Q

Early Childhood

A

Age range:
End of infancy (2) – 6th birthday

Characterised by:
Slow and steady growth
Accomplishment of many new skills
Learns social skills and will make friends
Become toilet trained

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5
Q

LATE CHILDHOOD

A

Age range:
6-12th birthday

Characterised by:
Slow and steady growth
Many physical, social, emotional and intellectual changes

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6
Q

YOUTH

A

Age range:
12-18

Characterised by:
Rapid growth
Increased independence & more complex relationships
Sexual maturity
Life goal development

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7
Q

EARLY ADULTHOOD

A

Age range:
18-40th birthday

Characterised by:
Deciding on a career
Choose life partner, get married, children
Body reaches physical peak around 25-30, followed by a steady decline thereafter
Essentially period of maintenance and repair

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8
Q

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

A

Age range:
40-65th birthday

Characterised by:
Stability in work and relationships
Further development of identity
Financial security
Physical signs of aging, and menopause

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9
Q

LATE ADULTHOOD

A

Age range:
65 until death

Characterised by:
Change in lifestyle due to retirement and financial security (for most)
Greater participation in voluntary work and leisure activities
Reflection on life and achievements
Grief associated with death of friends/spouse

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10
Q

Factors influencing perceptions of the lifespan stages

A

past experiences, the way media portrays people in the lifespan stage, their own experiences, other poeples opinions, public figures, their values and beliefs.

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11
Q

Perceptions of adults

A

early adulthood
- peak physically contibutes to society
middle adulthood
- out of touch
late adulthood
- wise and experienced

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12
Q

what is development

A

Development refers to the orderly, predictable and sequential changes that occur in individuals from conception to death (PIES)

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13
Q

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

A

Changes that occur to the body and its systems

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13
Q

Intellectual development

A
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14
Q

Emotional development

A

Experiencing the full range of emotions and being able to appropriately express them.
- Building resilience
- Developing self-concept.
- Learning appropriate ways of expressing and communicating others.

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15
Q

Social development

A

Refers to the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.
- How to communicate with others
- Social roles
- Relationship skills

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16
Q

what is an relationship

A

A connection between two or more people or groups of people.

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17
Q

types of relationships

A

family
friendships
prefessional
teachers/coaches/mentors
online
intimate

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18
Q

What does a healthy relationship looks like

A

trust, loyalty, respect, empathy, honesty, safe

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19
Q

What an unhealthy relationship looks like

A
  • Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse.
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20
Q

The impacts of healthy and respectful relationships on health and wellbeing

A

no physical injuries from abuse or violence, when in a positive, caring relationship people are able to recognize & manage emotions easily, Stress levels remain low, Anxiety can be reduced by sharing thoughts and being cared for by others, * offer support to each other and interact in a positive way, sense of belonging

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21
Q

healthy relationship IMPACTS ON DEVELOPMENT

A

Positive relationships with coaches and friends will help gross & fine motor skill development , Positive relationships with friends & teachers might mean they encourage each other to do homework, supportive relationships, emotions can be expressed without fear or rejection., Friendship groups may work together and encourage each other with homework, increasing problem solving skills.

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22
Q

parenting definition

A

Parenting broadly refers to the activity of raising a child. It includes a set of behaviours that characterise hoe parents interact on a daily basis to meet the needs of their child.”

23
Q

rights of a child

A

The right to live a full life.
The right to good quality healthcare, clean water, nutritious food and a clean environment
The right to a standard of living good enough to meet physical & mental needs
The right to relax, play & join a wide range of leisure activities

24
Q

support avaliable to parents

A

social support
- money, babysitting, meal prep

Emotional support
supprotive parents and friends to reduce sterss and baby bluesd

25
Q

Federal Gov resources for new parents

A

parental leave pay, the pregnancy birth and baby healpline, child care subsidy, raising children website, medicare, family tax benefit, dad and partner pay

26
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Conception begins when a sperm enters an ovum (or egg) to form one complete cell.

When sperm and ova are created in the male and female body respectively, they take a random half of the parent’s cell to essentially make half a cell.

When fertilisation occurs, these two half-cells (one from each parent) join to make a complete cell called a zygote.

27
Q

what are the three stages of prenatal development

A

germinal, embryonic, foetal

28
Q

germinal stage

A

0-2 weeks
begins with fertilisation and ends with implantation. during this stage the zygote begins to divide in order to implant the uterine wall.
the formation of the placenta beginsembrp

29
Q

embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks
cells continue to divide rapidly, the tissues start to develop for the brain and spine. the heart begins to beat and brain cells generate. brain is active and finger and toes begin to form

30
Q

foetal stage

A

9-38 weeks
the embryo turns into a fetus, organs and system formed characterised by rapid growth.

31
Q

What is Invitro Fertilisation?

A

IVF is the process of fertilising eggs with sperm outside the human body. Once fertilised the resulting embryos are placed back in the woman’s uterus in the hope that a successful pregnancy will follow.

32
Q

risk factors prenatal development

A

Parental smoking and tobacco smoke in the home
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Certain foods

33
Q

protective factors prenatal development

A

Iodine
Iron
Folate
Maternal Diet
Vaccination

34
Q

folate

A

Required for DNA synthesis, formation of red blood cells & development of the NS of the foetus.

Reduces risk of neural tube defects (neural tube houses the brain & spinal cord of the embryo)

Sources of folate include: green leafy vegetables, eggs, cereals, citrus fruits & legumes.

Government has mandated that all wheat flour used in bread must contain folic acid.

35
Q

iodine

A

Promotes optimal brain and NS development

Iodine added to food items (salt) but many people are reducing salt intake to lower rates of CVD so therefore becoming iodine deficient

Present in fish, seaweed, eggs, cows milk & strawberries

36
Q

IRON

A

Iron required due to the increased demand for oxygen for the foetus as well as increased energy needs of mother.

Iron helps carry oxygen around body.

Sources of iron include red meat, fortified cereals, egg yolks, legumes, nuts & green leafy vegetables.

Iron deficiency during can lead to a premature birth and low birthweight baby.

37
Q

Alcohol use during pregnancy

A

Can cause infertility (limit alcohol consumption even when trying to conceive)
Alcohol crosses placenta to baby’s blood
Restricts blood supply to foetus
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

38
Q

Parental smoking & tobacco smoke in the home

A

Chemicals from cigarettes reduce oxygen flow to placenta and exposes foetus to toxins

Increases risk of spontaneous abortion, LBW, birth defects, mortality)

Passive smoking can lead to the same H&W impacts as maternal smoking

39
Q

Risk & protective factor: Maternal diet

A

PROTECTIVE FACTOR
- Important that women have folate, iodine & iron prior to and during pregnancy.

RISK FACTOR
- Bacteria listeria monocytogenes can increase risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature labour.

Avoid foods that could have this bacteria.
Soft serve ice cream, unpasteurised foods like cheese unless cooked
Pre cooked or prepared foods (quiches, deli foods, salads from buffets)
Raw seafood such as sashimi & smoked seafood
Undernourished women will have an underdeveloped foetus and risk of low birthweight when born.

40
Q

Impacts on H&Wb & development of alcohol consumption on foetus

A

increased risk of premature birth, increased risk of still birth,

41
Q

impact on physical development impact of alcohol consumption

A
  • low birthweight, smaller head circumference, small eyes, heart defects
42
Q

physical development during infancy

A

body proportions start to change, the senses continue to develop, recognise familiar faces and sounds, learns to lift its head and roll over

43
Q

INTELLECTUAL development during infancy

A

collect information around them by putting objects into their mouth, the infant will recoginise its name, an object is out of sight it no longer exists in the mind of the infant, language development is rapid

44
Q

EMOTIONAL development during infancy

A

revolves around the family at this stage, empitonal attachment is formed with the caregivers within months and this helps them feel secure, safe and loved at 8 months the infant can express anger and happiness

45
Q

SOCIAL development during infancy

A

family is the most significant influence, totally dependent on them. many social skills are learnt about sharing and taking turns through play

46
Q

physical Development during early childhood

A

height and weight increases, bones continue to ossify, limbs more in proportion, motor skills improve, left v right hand coordination improves

47
Q

INTELLECTUAL developement in childhood

A

learn new words. sentence structure imporves fluency and depth, curious, greater imagination. write basic letters, increased attention span

48
Q

EMOTIONAL development in childhood

A

empathy develops, develop identity, take pride in achievements, rapid change in moods,

49
Q

SOCIAL development in childhood

A

family is most important, increased social settings and experiences

50
Q

The intergenerational nature of H&Wb meaning

A

H&WB and development have a generational impact, this means the H&WB and development of one generation influences the H&WB of the next.

It also means that early life experiences are linked to health and wellbeing and development in the adult stage.

51
Q

Body weight: Low birth weight

A

Low birth weight may indicate that the body’s systems are underdeveloped, which means the risk of developing a range of health and development problem increases.

impact on health and wellbeing
reduced lung function, decreased exercise capacity, increased risk of asthma during childhood

impact on development
reduced muscle bulk, reduced coordination, greater liklihood of impaired growth and mototr skill development

52
Q

Body weight: obesity

A

A child is more likely to make healthy food choices and be active if they see caregivers eating healthily and being active.

short term consequences on health and wellbeing
physical discomfort, bone and joint problmes, high blood pressure

long term consequences on health and wellbeing
cardiovascualr disease, type 2 diabetes

53
Q

Early relationships

A

A secure attachment forms a foundation for a sense of security, safety & good coping skills.

Prolonged stress ( such as poverty/family violence) without adequate adult support can disrupt the development of the brain in childhood and lead to poor literacy & communication and in later life mental health problems.

Children who experience abusive relationships can display speech problems, anxiety, sleeping difficulties, aggressive behaviour and in the long term the child can grow up to be abusive as they have grown up to learn to solve problems

54
Q

Early environment & learning opportunities

A

Parents who are preoccupied to ensure their children have nutritious food and are safe from harm may not have the information or resources to provide stimulating experiences that foster optimal brain development.

If a child’s safety needs are not met consistently then they will have more difficulty interacting with people/objects in the environment.

55
Q

Social mobility

A

Social mobility refers to the movement between socioeconomic groups throughout generations. Decisions made ultimately influence how life will turn out for each individual.

Rags to riches: used to describe a person’s rise from a state of extreme poverty to one of great wealth.

Health and human development (4 decks)

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