Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Unit 2 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

cognitive bias

A

Systematic error of judgement and faulty decision making that usually leads to inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anchoring bias

A

Tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information received (anchor) and to not modify judgements when further information becomes available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Attentional bias

A
  • Prioritising attention to certain information over other information thereby avoiding considering all options and outcomes.
    • Anxiety within us cause your focusing on something that’s not important (focusing on the small things)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

False consensus bias

A
  • Tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people are like you or share your personal characteristics and beliefs
    • Assumption that the way we thing is inheritably correct and so everyone must think the same way and anyone that doesn’t agree with me is wrong.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • Tendency to seek recall or interpret information in a way that confirms existing beliefs/expectations while dismissing contradictory evidence
    • Conspiracy theorist looks for things that confirm their theory rather than facts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hindsight bias

A
  • Tendency after an event has occurred to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen
    After a quiz and seeing the answer saying oh I knew that
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • Tendency for information acquired after an event to influence the accuracy of the memory of the original event.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Optimism bias

A
  • Tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate the likelihood of experiencing negative ones in the future
    • Like self-serving bias.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dunning-Kreuger effect

A

Tendency to overestimate our own knowledge or ability, leading to inability to recognise our own incompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

social cognition

A

How we interpret, analyse, remember and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Person perception

A

The mental processes used to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Schemas

A

Pre-existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that help us organise and interpret new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

halo effect

A

People we judge to be physically attractive are also perceived to be more interesting, mentally healthy, intelligent and skilled than an unattractive person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reverse Halo effect

A

Assuming that a positive characteristic is concurrent with a negative one
E.g. assuming that someone who is physically attractive must also be shallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Horn Effect

A

The presence of negative characteristics leads to the assumption that there must be more negative characteristics.
E.g. The ‘ugly’ Disney character turns out to be a villain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how to avoid this cognitive bias

A

Minimisethe influence of biases by slowing down andanalysingyourreasoning; tobehave in a more optimal and rational manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Impressions for non-verbal communication

A

body language, eye contact, facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

behaviour

A

Forming impressions based on what we observe (or learn) about how others act tends to give the most accurate impression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Salience:

A

personal characteristics that are distinctive, conspicuous and attract attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Demonstrating salience

A

Salience detection draws us towards obvious features, sometimes it makes us miss important information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Attribution:

A

How we explain the causes of our (and others’) behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of attrubution

A

Personal internal
situational external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Attribution Biases

A

Fundamental Attribution error
Actor-observer bias
Self-serving bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors on other’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Just-world fallacy

A

The belief that the world is generally a place where people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

When it comes to ourselves , we are prone to blaming the situation rather than ourselves. We are inherently more aware of the circumstances and sequence of events leading up to an outcome, therefore we can recognise at what point are actions are being influenced by ourselves or the circumstances beyond out control. On the flip side we don’t go on to apply this same reasoning when it comes to other’s behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Self-serving bias

A

When judging ourselves we take credit for success and attribute failures to situational factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Attitudes

A

A consistent and enduring evaluation we make about an objects, people, groups, events or issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the Tri-component model

A

Explains how attitudes are formed and changed
AKA the ABC of attitudes
- affective, behavioural, cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Affective component

A

Emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object/person/event/issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Behavioural Component

A

The way the attitude is expressed in our actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cognitive component

A

The beliefs we have that are based on our life experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

limitations of the tri component model

A

Attitudes are not predictive of behaviours (refer back to inconsistency)

But the affective and cognitive components are not sufficient alone to determine an attitude has been formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

strength of the attitude

A

The stronger the attitude, the more likely itwill be consistent and stable, resistant to change, influence and predict behaviour

35
Q

accessibility of the attitude

A

A strong attitude is one that easily comes to mind
- Accessible attitudes are closely linked tobehaviourand can guide/predictbehaviour.

36
Q

social context of the attitude

A

For an attitude to lead to a behaviour it is dependent on the situation.
Context may overpower the affective and cognitivecomponents

37
Q

Perceived control of the behaviour

A

The belief that the individual is free to perform (or not) the behaviour triggered by the attitude

38
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

The mental conflict that occurs when a person’s behavior/attitude/beliefs do not align leading to a change to reduce discomfort

39
Q

reducing dissonance

A

changing existing beliefs
addingnew beliefs
changing the behaviour

40
Q

Heuristics

A

Problem solving strategy that is based on experience with similar types of problems, but cannot guarantee a correct outcome

41
Q

availability heuristic

A

The availability heuristic involves making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind.

42
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

The representativeness heuristic involves categorising a person, object, event or anything else by judging how closely it matches our idea of a typical member of the category.

43
Q

Affect heuristic

A

The affect heuristic involves making a judgment that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time.

44
Q

Social categorisation

A

Grouping others on the basis of common characteristics

45
Q

Stereotypes

A

A collection of beliefs we have about people who belong to a certain group regardless of individuals differences between people in the group
- It’s a cognitive shortcut

46
Q

Ingroups

A
  • The people you belong to or identify with
47
Q

Outgroup

A

Those you do not belong to or identify with

48
Q

Prejudice

A

Holding a negative attitude towards members of a group, on the basis of their belonging to that group.

49
Q

Old fashioned

A

Members of a majority openly and obviously reject members of a minority

50
Q

Modern prejudice

A

Subtle and subversive rejection, more likely to be socially acceptable

51
Q

Discrimination

A

Positive or negative behavior directed towards a social group and it’s members

52
Q

Intergroup contact

A

Reduce prejudice by increasing direct contact between groups who are prejudiced against each other

53
Q

Superordinate goals

A

A goal that cannot be achieved by one group alone overrides other existing goals

54
Q

Equality of status

A

Each group must have the same level of power, influence and opportunity

55
Q

Cognitive interventions

A

Cognitive interventions are targeted towards changing cognitive components of attitudes.

56
Q

Legislation

A

Legislation helps develop a culture that supports equality.

57
Q

ways to reduce prejudice

A
  • Equality of status
    • Intergroup contact
    • Superordinate goals
    • Support by authorities and the
      community
    • Cognitive interventions

Legislation

58
Q

social influence

A

the effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave

59
Q

group

A

A collection of two or more people who interact with and influence one another and who share a common purpose

60
Q

aggregation

A

A collection of people in one location who have no obvious social structure, organisation

61
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a society or community that makes it unique

62
Q

status

A

The importance of an individual’s position in the group, as perceived by members of the group

63
Q

power

A

an individual’s (or group’s) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person (or group)

64
Q

social power

A

an individual’s (or group’s) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person (or group)

65
Q

Reward power

A

Power through control over rewards

66
Q

Coercive power

A

Power through control over punishments or other force

67
Q

Legitimate power

A

Power through a right to require and demand obedience

68
Q

Referent power

A

Power through respect

69
Q

Expert power

A

Power through superior abilities

70
Q

Informational power

A

Power through access to and use of informational resources

71
Q

groupthink

A

A way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision making or problem solving

72
Q

Factors that influence groupthink

A

· High level of cohesion

· Strong and assertive leadership

· instructed procedures for debate

· Isolated from outside influences

· High stress

Time pressure

73
Q

Group polarisation (aka group shift)

A

Tendency of an individual group member to shift their initially help views to a more extreme position (in the same general direction)

74
Q

Obedience

A

Occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of out society

75
Q

Social proximity

A

Closeness between two or more people. This may include the physical distance between the people as well at the closeness of their relationship

76
Q

Legitimacy of authority figures

A

Obedience is more likely is the authority figure has legitimate power

77
Q

Group pressure

A

An individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure

78
Q

conformity

A

The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms)

79
Q

Factors affecting conformity:

A

Group size

Unanimity

Informational influence

Normative influence

Culture

Social loafing

Deindividuation

anonymity

Shift in attention

Social comparison

80
Q

the influence of media

A

Social connections
the relationships that individuals have with the people around them

Social comparison
Upward social comparison
We evaluate ourselves to someone we perceive to be better than we are
Downward social comparison
We evaluate ourselves to someone we perceive to be worse than we are

Addictive behaviours
A person being driven by an uncontrollable motivation to perform certain behaviours (e.g. online activities) and devoting so much time and effort to these behaviours that it impairs their other important life areas

81
Q

Anti-conformity

A

Deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in a society

Often accompanied by the expression of ideas, beliefs, or judgements that challenge those standards

82
Q

Independence

A

Evident when we experience freedom from the influence or control of other individuals or groups

83
Q

factors influec

A

Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions