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Psychology > Unit 1 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the brain vs heart debate

A

The brain vs. heart debate asks what is the source of our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, our brain or our heart?

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2
Q

Monism

A
  • The belief that the human mind and body are together a singular, complete entity.
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3
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that the human mind and body are separate and distinguishable from one another

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4
Q

Ablation

A

the surgical removal, destruction, or cutting of a region of brain tissue

Disabling destroying or removing selected brain tissue, followed by an assessment of the subsequent changes in behaviour.

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5
Q

Split Brain Surgery

A

Either a complete or partial severance of the corpus callosum between the two cerebra hemispheres
- Used to treat epilepsy
discovered that The hemispheres specialize in different tasks

Spilt brain experiments were conducted on individuals who had a severed corpus callosum

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6
Q

Lesioning

A

Involves deliberately injuring or damaging specific areas of the brain and offers the potential for functional recovery over time as the brain compensates for the injured areas

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7
Q

CT

A

is a non-invasive structural neuroimaging technique, developed in the 1970s, which uses x-rays to take images of the brain.

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8
Q

how does ct scans work

A

CT involves a dye or contrast being ingested or injected into the bloodstream of a patient

The patient then lies on a bed that slides into a donut-shaped scanner.

A series of x-ray images are taken as the tube spirals around the individual.

The images produced are either two or
three-dimensional, and they provide information about the structures of the brain.

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9
Q

MRI

A

is a non-invasive structural neuroimaging technique, developed in the 1970s, which uses magnetic and radio fields to take images of the brain.

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10
Q

How does MRI work?

A
  • MRI involves a patient lying on a bed that slides into a chamber device made up of large magnets that are tube-shaped.
    • Atoms (e.g. hydrogen) in the water molecules in a person’s brain are realigned by the magnets, which produce signals that can be turned into images.
    • The images produced are either two or three-dimensional, and they provide information about the structures of the brain.
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11
Q

PET

A

is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique which uses radioactive glucose and produces colored images of the brain showing different levels of brain activity.

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12
Q

How des PET work?

A

PET involves injecting a person with a radioactive glucose solution, which enters the brain via the bloodstream.

* The patient then lies on a bed that slides into a chamber and is asked to perform certain tasks. 

* The PET scanner takes a series of images  by registering the emissions released  by the radioactive substance.

* The more active a region it is, the more glucose it will use resulting in higher emissions.
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13
Q

fMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique introduced in the 1990s. It traces oxygen levels in the brain and produces high-quality coloured images showing different levels of brain activity.

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14
Q

How des fMRI work?

A
  • fMRI was developed using MRI technology. Similarly, fMRI uses magnetic and radio fields.

The main difference is that fMRI is based on the premise that the more active a region it is, the more oxygen it will use.

Thus, it measures blood flow to an area of the brain during a physical or intellectual task.

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15
Q

what are the three parts the brain is divided into

A

midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain

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16
Q

Hindbrain

A

The hindbrain is located at the back of our brain near the spinal cord. This hindbrain is responsible for basic survival functions, including:
- Regulation of sleep wake cycle
- Breathing, heart rate, digestion
Coordination of muscle movement

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17
Q

The three key structures of the hind brain

A
  • Pons
    • Medulla
      Cerebellum
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18
Q

The midbrain

A

The midbrain is located at the centre of our brain, between the hindbrain and the midbrain and is responsible for:
- Relaying messages between the hindbrain and the forebrain
- Filtering and directing sensory information
Regulating arousal and alertness

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19
Q

the forebrain

A

The forebrain is located at top of the brain. It is responsible for:
- Complex mental processes such as decision-making, problem solving, processing sensory information and initiating voluntary movement.
- Attention and filtering sensory information.
- Maintaining the body’s stable biological state, known as homeostasis.
- Emotion and personality

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20
Q

Key structure of the midbrain

A

Reticular formation

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21
Q

Three key structures of the forebrain

A
  • Cerebrum
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

The cerebellum coordinates fine muscle movements and regulates posture and balance

Learning and memory associated with movement

Damage:
- Difficulty in coordinating muscle movements (eg. For walking)

- Impacts fluency and pronunciation of speech

- Effects balance
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23
Q

medulla

A

Medulla
Controls vital functions for survival, breathing, swallowing, heart rate and blood pressure

Damage: often fatal
- Loss of sensation
- Paralysis
- Respiratory failure (breathing, coughing, sneezing
- Inability to swallow

Can be damaged by blows to the back of the head, Parkinson’s Disease

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24
Q

pons

A

Pons
Sleep, dreaming and waking
Breathing and coordination of some muscle movements
Relays messages between structures of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and between the medulla and midbrain.

Damage (typically caused by stroke

- Sleep disturbance
- Arousal dysfunction
- Coma Loss of muscle function (except eyes)
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25
Q

Reticular formation

A

Network of neurons connecting the midbrain and hindbrain

Maintains consciousness, arousal and muscle tone

Damage:

Disruption of sleep/wake cycle
- Chronic vegetative state
Death usually follows between 6 months and 5 years

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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains homeostasis
Regulates the release of hormones
Responsible for hunger, thirst and sleep

Damage
- Inability to regulate body temperature
- Uncontrollable anger/thirst/hunger
Loss of sex drive (typically males)

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27
Q

Thalamus -

A

Filters information from the senses expect the nose then passes it to relevant areas of the brain for further processing
Responsible for attention and regulates arousal

damage
Sensoryissues
- Lethargy/coma

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28
Q

Cerebrum

A

The upper outer surface of the brain (cerebral cortex)

Responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do.

Divided into two cerebral hemispheres. (left and right of a deep groove the longitudinal fissure.

Both hemispheres remain connected, mainly by the corpus callosum

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29
Q

what is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

The cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain, is responsible for:
- higher-order thinking processes (i.e. problem-solving and planning).
- memory.
- language.
regulation of emotions.

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30
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal

31
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Largest of the four lobes.
    • Located in the upper forward half of each hemisphere.
      Comprised of 3 parts

decision making

32
Q

Primary motor Cortex

A

Initiates and controls voluntary movements through its control of skeletal muscles

Different areas are involved with the movement of each body part

The amount of cortex devoted to a particular body part corresponds to the complexity, or ‘fineness’, of movement

33
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Usuallyin the left hemisphere only (97%)
Association area forarticulate speech (clear and fluent).
Damage – Broca’s Aphasia

34
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

Named for Pierre Paul Broca, a French physician who discovered the area in 1861
Comprehend what is being said, but be unable to speak fluently - brain unable to communicateefficiently to muscles needed to form words.
Poor or absent grammar, difficulty forming complete sentences
Omitting certain words, such as “the,” “an,” “and,” and “is” (a person with Broca’s aphasia may say something like “Cup, me” instead of “I want the cup”)
Extends to difficulty in writing sentences

35
Q

symptoms of a frontal lobe stroke

A

muscles weakness
speech and language problems
a decline in thinking skills
behaviour and personality changes

36
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Located behind the frontal lobe
Receives and processes bodily, or ‘somatosensory’, information

37
Q

Cortical Regions of the parietal lobe

A

Locatedat the front of each parietal lobe, near the primary motor cortex,

is astrip of cortex called the primary somatosensory cortex​

asection of cortex deep within this lobe is interconnected with the frontal lobeand is involved in taste perception

38
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body parts
Area of the primary somatosensory cortex dedicated to a body part is indicative of sensitivity
The larger the cortical region, the more sensitive to sensation

39
Q

Stroke in the parietal lobe

A

Can’t identify an object by touch
reduced peripheral, difficult visually processing object length, depth and size
vastly reduced hand-eye coordination
unawareness of non-stroke side of body

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Located at the rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere
Almost exclusively devoted to the sense of vision

41
Q

Cortical regions of the occipital lobe

A

Located at the back of the cortex in each lobe is the primary visual cortex

Association areas to interact with parietal and temporal lobes to combine visual input with memories, sounds and language

42
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Major destination of visual information from the two eyes
Recall as with body sensation and motor function, visual; information is processed in the opposite hemisphere

43
Q

Symptoms of occipital lobe stoke

A

Cortical blindness
Visual illusions
Visual hallucinations
Trouble visually recognising objects
Face blindness
Being able to write but not read

44
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Located in the lower, central area of the brain, above and around the top of each ear
Involved with auditory perception, memory, ability to identify objects and recognize faces and emotional responses to sensory information and memories

45
Q

Cortical regions of the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex in each temporal lobe
In the left hemisphere is Wernicke’s area

46
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Receives and processessounds contral ateral fromboth ears so that we canperceive and identifydifferent types ofsounds(Left PAC processessounds from the right ear)

47
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Involved in speech production and comprehension of speech -interpreting the sounds of human speech

The primary auditory cortex of the left temporal lobe processes auditory sensation, but you cannot understand the word until the information has been processed by Wernicke’s area.

48
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Impaired ability to comprehend the meaning of spoken words and sentences

Minimal effect on the ease of producing speech

Speech has regular rhythm and grammar, but words don’t make sense
AKA ‘fluent aphasia’ or ‘receptive aphasia’.

Reading and writing often severely impaired

Individuals may have completely preserved intellectual and cognitive capabilities unrelated to speech and language

49
Q

Stroke in temporal lobe

A

memory and behaviour changes
wenickes aphasia -trouble understanding spoken languge
hearing changes
potenital seizures

50
Q

Who am I?
I am not one of the 4 cortical lobes
I am responsible for relaying messages between structures.
I am also responsible for sleeping, dreaming and waking.

A

pons

51
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to change its structure or function in response to experience or environmental stimulation.

52
Q

what are the two types of neuroplasticity

A

Developmental plasticity (experience-expectant)
Adaptive plasticity (experience -dependent)

53
Q

Developmental plasticity (experience-expectant)

A
  • changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation.
    • Brain changes in response to expected environmental experiences
    • Part of ‘typical’ development
54
Q

Adaptive plasticity (experience -dependent)

A
  • the brain’s ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury.
    • Brain change that modifies some part of the already present neuronal structures
    • May occur at any time - Not time dependent
    • Typically quicker and more responsive during infancy and early childhood and slows as we age
    • Recovery/compensation due to injury-
55
Q

Sprouting

A

Sprouting is a neuron’s ability to develop new branches on the dendrites or axons.

56
Q

rerouting

A

Rerouting is a neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron

57
Q

Brain injury

A

: refers to any brain damage that impairs or interferes with, the normal functioning of the brain (either temporary or permanent)

58
Q

Acquired brain injury:

A

damaged, occurring after birth

59
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

Brain damage that occurs as a result of an external force

60
Q

white matter

A
  • Made up of bundles of myelinated axons
    • White colour
    • Mostly located in the superficial areas of the spinal cord and in the internal areas of the brain
    • Fully develops once a persons reached middle age
    • Makes up 60% of your brain
      Responsible for learning and cognition
61
Q

Grey matter

A
  • Made up of neutrophils, glial cells., neuronal cells bodies, capillaries, synapsis and a few myelinated axons
    • Colour is pinkish grey
    • Mostly located in the internal areas of the spinal cord and on the superficial areas of the brain
    • Fully develops once a person reached their twenties
    • Makes up 40% of the brain
    • Responsible for sensory perception, muscle control, self-control, decision making, memory, and data processing.
62
Q

neurological disorders

A

Diseases of the nervous system – brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system including nerves and muscular function.

63
Q

Epilepsy

A

Recurrent spontaneous seizures brought on by interference in normal brain activity

64
Q

Causes of epilepsy

A

TBI
Lack of oxygen
Asphyxiation
Stroke
Drowning
Overdose/drug use
Cardiac arrest
Brain infection
Brain abnormality

65
Q

Seizures

A

Occur suddenly, often without warning
Triggered by bursts of electrical activity that start and spread from the brain

66
Q

Common Symptoms of seizures

A

Onset of an aura – a strange feeling, perceptual or motor experience that marks the onset of a seizure
Loss of consciousness - loss of awareness, often accompanied by amnesia
Movement – abnormal movements (jerking, twitching, muscle spasms or total loss of muscle tone

67
Q

types of seizures

A

Focal
- Originate in one region and affect the part of the body controlled by that area
- Less than 2 minutes
May spread to both hemispheres

Generalised
- Originate in both hemispheres
- Affect the whole body
Often results in loss of consciousness

Unknown onset
Insufficient information to make a diagnosis/inconsistent symptoms

68
Q

seizures in the frontal lobe

A

can cause loss of motor control, a change in behaviour or change in lagiage expresssion

69
Q

seizures in the occipital lobe

A

may cause a person to see multi-colored shapes such as circles and flashes, or expereience temporary loss of vision

70
Q

seizures in the temporal lobe

A

may cause a person to expereince an odd smell, odd taste, buzzing or ringing in the ears, panic, abdominal discomfort

71
Q

seizures in the parietal lobe

A

cause a person to feel numbness or tinging or feel burning or cold sensations

72
Q

seizure triggers

A

time of day/night, sleep deprivation, fever/illness, photosensitivity, alcohol/ drug use, stress, hormonal changes, low blood sugar, excessive caffenine

73
Q

Impact of epilepsy

A

Uncontrolled seizures may cause brain damage, including TBIs from falls during loss of consciousness or motor control

Psychological or behavioural problems

Premature mortality (3 times higher than the general population)

74
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

CTE is a progressive brain degeneration and fatal condition caused by repeated concussions.
AKA: punch drunk syndrome, dementia pugilistica

Psychology (4 decks)

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