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HOST Study Guide Questions > Unit 2 - Ancient Greece > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Ancient Greece Flashcards

Ancient Greece

1
Q

What are the 3 types of metals that helped to define an increase in technology throughout the ages (In order)?

A

Copper, Bronze, Iron

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2
Q

What were some pros and cons of the first metal age?

A

Copper Age - easy to find, low melting point, BUT weak and broke easily

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3
Q

What was the second metal age and why was it better?

A

Bronze Age - less brittle and stronger, BUT more expensive

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4
Q

What was the third metal age and why was it unique and challenging?

A

Iron Age - hard to find and hard to smelt (high melting point). It was first discovered in an asteroid, henceforth earning the nickname ‘sideros’

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5
Q

What is metallurgy and a metallurgist?

A

Metallurgy - study of metals
Metallurgist - one who studies and works with metals

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6
Q

What does sideros mean?

A

“from the stars”

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7
Q

What is charcoal and why is it important?

A

Charcoal is wood that is burnt and transformed into carbon.
Important because - burns brighter, hotter, longer

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8
Q

What were triremes used for?

A

Greek warships used in battle to poke holes in enemy vessels

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9
Q

Why were Greek triremes the best and deadliest warships in the ancient world?

A

Fast, maneuverable, efficient. 3 rows of rowers that powered the ship. Prow was hard so it could be rammed easily into other ships and retreat.

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10
Q

Who invented triremes?

A

Phoenicians invented the Biremes (warships with two rows of rowers)
Greeks invented the Triremes from the Bireme (warship with 3 rows of rowers)

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11
Q

When did the trireme stop being used?

A

End of 5th century [NOT B.C.E.] BECAUSE
- created out of softwood that could not support heavy weapons like catapults
-other ships were seen used at the end of 5th century

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12
Q

What was the Parthenon used for?

A

Ancient Greek temple, honored Athena (Greek goddess of war and wisdom)

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13
Q

How long did Parthenon take to build?

A

58 yrs to complete in all (built in 2 stages)
- First: Began in 490 BC, destroyed before completion
- Second: Began again in 438 BC, ended in 432 BC

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14
Q

How were the Parthenon columns built?

A
  • Quarried marble
    -Transported on wheeled carts
    -left knobs on the sides so they could be hoisted up with ropes attached to them
    -Used early crane to stack the pieces
    -Carved them+detailed (knocked off knobs and added grooves/details)
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15
Q

Who built the Parthenon? Please include details.

A

Main Architects: Callicrates and Ictinus
Supervisor/sculptor/designer: Phidias
Phidias made the statue of Athena and the Gables, which depict scenes

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16
Q

What tasks could you use an astrolabe for? (The Smartphone of the Greek World)

A

Device for:
-telling time
-date
-position
Used the sun and the stars

17
Q

What is cement made of and why was it important to the Greek world?

A

Limestone, sand, ground clay, and other raw materials mixed with water.
They could build almost anything with it, including structures and architectural feats still existing. It was a strong material that Greeks originally used as mortar, but they eventually used it for buildings.

18
Q

Greece traded with many neighboring civilizations located near the mediterranean sea. What were the names AND INFLUENCES of those civilizations?

A

Egypt - mathematics, culture, and medicinal history (Hippocrates)
Persia - technology and culture but improved upon it

19
Q

Mycenaean architecture is the first time that you see a corbeled arch. A corbeled arch is:

A

Succession of stone blocks, forming an apparent arch, or a false arch. Start from outside and move inward closing gap, staggered like steps

20
Q

What is an apparent arch/false arch?

A

It does not distribute weight evenly and will eventually fail over time.

21
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

According to myth the ________ were led from the city by a king named ________, whose epic struggles were written about by the 8th century BC poet Homer in two of history’s most famous tales; the Iliad and the Odyssey.

A

Mycenaeans, Agamemnon

22
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

Before the advent of democracy, many of these city states were led by a single ruler called a ________. Around 540 BC a ________ named ________ came to rule over the island city state of Samos in the Eastern Aegean sea.

A

Tyrant, tyrant, Polycrates

23
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

In 480 BC, ____________defeated the Persians at the Battle of ________ against incredible odds. Because the Greeks defeated Persia, its young democracy was saved and able to flourish.

A

Themistocles, Salamis

24
Q

Fill in the Blanks:

By the 430’s BC, the ________ began to feel threatened by the ________. In 431 BC, ________ moved on to Athens. The bloody and brutal conflict between them, known as the ____________ continued for 25 years until finally, ________ fell. With the end of the War the time of ________ dominance was over, but great marvels of Greek culture and engineering would live on.

A

Spartans, Athenians, Sparta, Peloponnesian War, Athens, Athenian and Pericles’ (either/or/and)

25
Q

What is entasis?

A
  • Simple definition:
    A straight line would give the illusion of a curved line, so the ends of the line are tapered to give it the illusion of a straight line.
  • Complex definition:
    a slightly convex curve given to the shaft of a column, pier, or similar structure, to correct the illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft.
26
Q

Who was

Cyrus the Great?

A
  • Persian King - established one of the largest empires in world history
  • Known as the king of kings
  • Tolerant of other religions in lands he conquered
  • famous for freeing Jewish captives in Babylon + allowing them to return to their homeland.
27
Q

Who was

Aristotle?

A
  • Greek Philosopher - Taught by Plato
  • requested in Macedonia by King Philip II to tutor his son, the future Alexander the Great
  • laid the foundation for most modern sciences
  • invented the study of logic, or the science of reasoning
  • thought that people should observe nature and gain knowledge from their senses
  • argued that any theory must be based on observed facts
28
Q

Who was

Hypatia?

A
  • first women to study math, astronomy and philosophy
  • applied mathematics to philosophy
  • built on the ideas of Neoplatonism, a way of thinking based on the belief that humans form ideas from their experiences.
  • notes on math and astronomy helped modern mathematicians and astronomers come up with advanced theories that are still used today
29
Q

Who was

Euclid?

A
  • authored the Elements
  • The Elements is concerned mainly with geometry, proportion, and number theory.
  • famous for Optics, explained light’s behavior w/ geometrical principles he developed in the Elements
  • theory of light was the basis of artistic perspective, astronomical methods, and navigation methods for over 2,000 yrs
30
Q

Who was

Hermodike I?

A
  • Invented Greek written script, i.e. the transfer of earlier technical knowledge from Phrygia into ancient Greek society through Aeolis
  • referred to by Aristotle
  • daughter of a dynastic Agamemnon of Cyme and wife of Midas, king of Phrygia
31
Q

Who was

Philo of Byzantium?

A
  • one of the greatest engineers
  • pioneer in mechanics and physics
  • student of the famed engineer Ctesibius
  • studies on physics, primarily in the field of aerodynamics + thermodynamics, works in mathematics + doubling of cube, + in cryptography were part his genius.
32
Q

Who was

Alexander the Great?

A
  • conquered lands retained Greek influence Alexander introduced, several cities he founded remain important cultural centers today
  • period of history from death to 31 B.C., when his empire folded, would come to be known as the Hellenistic period
  • from “Hellazein,” which means, “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks.”
  • revered as one of the most powerful and influential leaders the ancient world ever produced.
33
Q

Main Periods of Greek History

#1

What was the first main period of Greek history and when was it?

A

Aegean Age
3000 BC - 1200 BC

34
Q

Main Periods of Greek History

#2
What was the second main period of Greek history and when was it?

A

Hellenic Age
1200 BC - 336 BC

35
Q

Main Periods of Greek History

#3
What was the third main period of Greek history and when was it?

A

Hellenistic Age
336 BC - 146 BC

36
Q

Other Important Ancient Greek inventions

A
  • Crossbow
  • Gears
  • Anchor
  • Cartography
  • Crane
  • Lighthouse
  • Automatic Doors
  • Cement
  • Central Heating
  • Plumbing
  • Sinks
  • Showers
  • Surveying Tools
  • Water Mill
  • Wheelbarrow
  • Alarm Clock
  • Clock Tower
  • Coins
  • Locks
  • Odometer
  • Steam Engine
  • Thermometer
  • Umbrella
  • Vending Machine
  • Olympics
  • Astrolabe
  • Theatre
  • Water Clock
  • Greek Fire
  • The Lever
  • Pap Smear
  • Archimedes Screw

HOST Study Guide Questions (3 decks)

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