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Traffic Management and Collsion Invertigation > Unit 2-Analyze Collision Components > Flashcards

Unit 2-Analyze Collision Components Flashcards

1
Q

Accident

A

An accident is a sequence of events that usually produce UNINTENDED injury, death or property damage. pg 17

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2
Q

Collision

A

A collision is the act of COMING TOGETHER with sudden violent force. pg 17

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3
Q

THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS

A

Fact finding, not fault finding
Establish the Facts
Impartiality in mind pg17

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4
Q

Unsafe Acts and Conditions

A

Unsafe acts: Includes driving while impaired, speeding, and aggressive driving.
Unsafe conditions: Includes road work in progress, weather related problems such as ice and snow on the roadway, and dense fog that limits visibility. pg 18

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5
Q

THE FIVE LEVELS OF COLLISION INVESTIGATION

A 
Level 1—Reporting
Level 2—On-scene
Level 3—Technical Evaluation
Level 4—Professional Reconstruction
Level 5—Cause Analysis pg18
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6
Q

Level 1—Reporting

A

Reporting is the basic data collection intended to IDENTIFY and CLASSIFY the components of a collision. pg18

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7
Q

Level 2—On-Scene

A

The On-Scene Investigation is the urgent data collection level and is the MOST IMPORTANT of all five levels. This is the level where the investigator(s) examines evidence, make records of the collision, and obtains additional information that may not be available later. The scene is as fresh and untainted as it will ever be. pg18

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8
Q

Level 3—Technical Evaluation

A 
The technical evaluation is accomplished for SPECIFIC PURPOSES, such as form legal purposes and other data relating to a collision. It also includes completing the following:
Scale diagram
Damage evaluations
Simple speed estimates
Tire and lamp evaluations pg19
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9
Q

Level 4—Professional Reconstruction

A

Professional reconstruction is the effort to determine how the collision happened, if possible. It involves fitting together pieces of information. pg19

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10
Q

Level 5—Cause Analysis

A

Cause analysis is the final level of collision investigation. The purpose of cause analysis is to determine WHY the collision OCCURRED. pg20

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11
Q

5 MAJOR EVENTS OF A COLLISION

A
  1. Point of possible perception
  2. Point of actual perception
  3. Point of no escape
  4. First harmful event
  5. Point of final rest.
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12
Q

Point of Possible Perception

A

the position or point where a normal driver could POSSIBLY have perceived the impending hazard. This point will be present in all collisions and may be approximated with adequate investigation. pg21

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13
Q

Point of Actual Perception

A

The point of actual perception (POAP) relates to the point where the driver ACTUALLY perceived the hazard. This is normally indicated by combining skid marks with reaction distance to show the driver’s estimated point of reaction. This point is not present in all collisions. pg21

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14
Q

Point of No Escape

A

The point of no escape is the point where the collision CANNOT BE AVOIDED by one or more traffic units. The point of no escape is present in all collisions and is at times difficult to locate, depending on the circumstances of the collision. pg21

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15
Q

First Harmful Event (Point of Impact)

A

The FIRST HARFUL EVENT is the first contact between two traffic units, between a traffic unit and another object, or first contact with a highway surface during an overturn.

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16
Q

Point of impact

A

Identifies the point that the components SUSTAINED DAMAGE. When it is the first point where the vehicle contacts the point of perceived danger (sustaining
damage or not), it is called the primary point of impact (PPOI). pg 21

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17
Q

Point of Primary Contact

A

The FIRST CONTACT between two traffic units, between a traffic unit and another object, or first contact of a vehicle with a highway surface during an overturn. pg21

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18
Q

Point of Maximum Engagement

A

The point of maximum PENETRATION or engagement by one object into another such as the maximum penetration of one traffic unit into another traffic unit or object during collision. pg21

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19
Q

Point of Disengagement

A

The SEPARATION of two objects, for example, traffic units, after maximum engagement. pg21

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20
Q

Point of Final Rest

A

That point where all traffic units come to a final position after all movement has stopped. The point of final rest may be controlled or uncontrolled, and is present in every collision. pg22

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21
Q

What is a Controlled movement?

A

Component is moved by OUTSIDE SOURCE after impact. The driver moves the vehicle off the roadway. pg22

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22
Q

What is a Uncontrolled movement?

A

Component continues to roll, slide or flip after the impact. NO outside source controlling the final rest position. pg 22

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23
Q

What is a factor of Impact?

A

Impact involves forces between a vehicle and some other object. pg22

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24
Q

What is a factor of Forces involved?

A

These forces can change speed, direction, rotation or all of these. pg 22

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25
Q

What is a factor of Friction?

A

Friction forces can change the speed and direction of a vehicle (i.e., braking and/or turning). pg22

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26
Q

What are the TWO COLLISION CAUSES

A

There are two sub-categories for collision causes: Operational and Conditional. pg24

27
Q

Operational Factors of a collision cause are?

A

Operational factors in collisions are ones that the driver CAN control or change. There are three operational factors as follows.Trip Preparation, Driving Strategy, and Evasive Actions pg24

28
Q

Conditional factors of a collision cause are?

A

Are factors over which the driver has NO CONTROL or cannot change. There are three conditional factors as follows. People, Roads, Vehicles pg24

29
Q

What are the COMPONENTS OF THE HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM?

A
  1. People - Drivers, pedestrians, occupants, witnesses, and acquaintances.
  2. Roads - Any and all highways, roads, farm to market (FM’s) etc.
  3. Vehicles - Any and all vehicles operated upon the roadways. pg25
30
Q

what are FOUR KINDS OF INFORMATION DOCUMENTED FOR EACH COMPONENT?

A
  1. Identification.
  2. Description.
  3. Condition Prior to the Collision.
  4. Results of the Collision on the Component. pg25
31
Q

What are some conditions of the people component prior to the collision?

A

Open food containers
Beer cans/liquor bottles
Medication/drugs
Open maps pg26

32
Q

What are some examples of driving impairment?

A 
Alcohol
Drugs/medication
Carbon monoxide
Drowsiness/sleep
sudden disablement pg26
33
Q

What are Motives and Attitudes

A

Attitudes: express how a driver THINKS and feels about driving
Motives: explain why a driver TRIES to drive a certain way pg26

34
Q

Results of the Collision on the People Component: No Injury

A

No bodily harm pg27

35
Q

Results of the Collision on the People Component: Possible Injury

A

Reported or claimed, but not meeting the other injury classifications. These include momentary unconsciousness, whiplash, limping, nausea, and hysteria pg27

36
Q

Results of the Collision on the People Component: Non-Incapacitating/evident injury

A

Other than fatal or incapacitation which, at the scene of the collision, is evident to a person other than the injured. Includes a lump on the head, abrasions, bruises, cuts, and scratches pg27

37
Q

Results of the Collision on the People Component: Incapacitating Injury

A

Prevents the person from walking, driving, or continuing with normal activities that person was capable of just before the collision. pg27

38
Q

Results of the Collision on the People Component: Fatal Injury

A

Results in death within 365 days after collision. Federal law states that if a person dies within 365 days of the collision, and that death is a result of injuries sustained in that collision, then that collision must be categorized as a fatal injury collision pg 27

39
Q

Driving Process: Strategy

A

Involves GENERAL PERCEPTION of possible hazards and the action taken to minimize the risks pg27

40
Q

Driving Process: Solid Driving Strategy

A

RARELY involves quick decisions. pg27

41
Q

Driving Process: Tactics

A

require QUICK DECISIONS and are actions taken by a driver to escape a collision such as steering right or left, accelerating, decelerating, and backing up and simply doing nothing at all pg 27

42
Q

Driving Process: Reaction Time

A

Reactions is a person’s voluntary or involuntary RESPONSE TO A HAZARD. The normal time it takes from perception to a reaction is 1.6 SECONDS pg27

43
Q

What is the term AT INTERSECTION?

A

If the first harmful event occurs within the limits of an intersection (inside the intersection) pg29

44
Q

What is the term ON INTERSECTION?

A

Indicates that the collision occurred on the approach to or exit
from an intersection.(outside of intersection) pg29

45
Q

What are the SIX physical signs regarding a collision that should be documented?

A
  1. Final rest
  2. Tire/skid marks
  3. Metal scars
  4. Debris
  5. Fixed objects
  6. Vaults and falls pg31
46
Q

What is a Cook/Scrub?

A

SUDDEN CHANGE during skid because of impact. Noted as collision scrubs pg32

47
Q

What is are Yaw marks/Critical speed Scuffs?

A

The wheel is rotating and slipping sideways parallel to the axel pg32

48
Q

What is the action of Slide Slipping?

A

Cause by road configuration and weight shifting forwards and sideways pg32

49
Q

What is a Spin Skid?

A

Results when a vehicle rotates around its center of mall, as in cases where the rear wheel move in a manner so as to lead the front wheels, and in case where there is an external force applied to a vehicle at a location other than in direct line with its center of mass. pg 32

50
Q

What is a Gap Skid?

A

Made by releasing and re-applying brakes. Gap is at least 10ft pg32

51
Q

What is an Overlapping Skid Mark?

A

Caused by all four or two tires on the same side locking up at the same time pg32

52
Q

What are the Damage Classifications?

A
  1. No damage noted or observed.
  2. Other damage is that damage done which affects only the load or the appearance of the motor vehicle.
  3. Functional damage is any non-disabling damage which affects operation of the motor vehicle or its parts.
  4. Disabling damage is any damage to a vehicle in such a manner that it cannot be legally driven, or damage to a trailer such that it cannot be towed in the usual manner during daylight after simple repairs.
53
Q

What are the capabilities of the Total Station?

A
  1. Accurate on-scene diagramming/
    measurements.
  2. Download of information to computer.
  3. Rapid diagramming – Measures with or without
    prism.
  4. Integrated Measurement System -
    The system will calculate measurements based
    upon information inputted by the user. pg48
54
Q

What is the purpose of the M-FX Data Collector?

A

It is a very powerful, easy to use DATA COLLECTOR that supports total stations from Nikon, Sokkia, Topcon or Leica. It is the
most convenient way to transfer data from a total station to the FX3 diagram, which will automatically draw your scene. pg48

55
Q

What are the pros of the FX3 Software/Program

A 
Basic Diagramming
.Selecting/Placing/Adding/ Editing Objects and Symbols
.Drawing
. Adding text
. Smart Corners pg51
56
Q

What is the purpose of the Traffic Template?

A

The purpose of the traffic template is to AID in preparing field sketches and scale diagrams and is
helpful for simplifying ROUGH on-scene calculations. pg52

57
Q

What is the preferred method of measuring a traffic collision and why?

A

Grid/Coordinate Method:
.Accuracy,
.You can make measurements on the shoulder or roadside
.You can make measurements with minimum exposure to the traffic
conditions.
.Easier to draw to scale than when using triangulation method pg54

58
Q

When would one use the Triangulation Method?

A

.Edges of the roadway are difficult to locate or are covered.
.Points to be located are MORE THAN 30 feet off the roadway. (insure two RP are established 20-50ft apart)
.Roadway edges are irregular as in traffic circles and some complicated junctions.
.Objects are off the road in woods or swamps.
measurements.
.There are no clear roadway edges for reference lines. Problem areas are construction sites, gravel pits, large parking lots or open fields. pg56

59
Q

When would you MEASURE USING ONE POINT?

A

-Gouges or groups of gouges, grooves and tire marks, spatter or puddles all LESS THAN 3ft across pg58

60
Q

When do you MEASURE WITH TWO POINTS?

A

Vehicles, Human bodies, Straight tire marks, Curved tire marks more than 3-8ft long, straight grooves more than 3ft, Dribble path. pg59

61
Q

What is a tangent?

A

Where the STRAIGHT LINE ENDS and the curve begins. pg68

62
Q

What is a Chord?

A

A straight line distance BETWEEN TWO POINTS on a curve (can be between the two tangent points. pg68

63
Q

What is a middle ordinate?

A

The distance at HALF of the chord to the outside edge of the curve. pg68

Traffic Management and Collsion Invertigation (6 decks)

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