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History- Russia > Unit 2- Alexander III > Flashcards

Unit 2- Alexander III Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Synod

A

The governing body of the Orthodox Church

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2
Q

What was involved in the policy of Russification?

A

Trying to make people more Russian, e.g suppressing minorities.

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3
Q

What were Pogroms

A

Anti-Jewish attacks

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4
Q

What was the Pale of Settlement

A

An area in which Jewish People could live in

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5
Q

What responsibilities did the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod have?

A

Administrative leader of the Church. Sat in the russian parliamentary cabinet. Maintains control of the church for the Tsar.

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6
Q

Who was Alexander III and Nicholas II’s tutor?

A

Pobedonostsev

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7
Q

Who was minister of finance from 1862-81?

A

Von Reutern

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8
Q

Who was the minister of finance from 1881-87?

A

Bunge

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9
Q

Who was minister of finance 1887-92

A

Vyshnegradsky

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10
Q

How much of the Russian budget went to repaying debt in the 1870s

A

one third

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11
Q

What proportion of government revenue came from indirect taxation?

A

66%

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12
Q

What was the greatest failure of von Reutern’s reforms?

A

His failure to address the failing agricultural sector.

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13
Q

How much did the railway networks expand from 1866 to 1883

A

3000 miles 1886
13270 miles 1881
147100 miles 1883

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14
Q

What was the annual economic growth rate throughout Von Reutern’s term?

A

6%

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15
Q

What project was led by the welshman John Hughes?

A

the New Russian company, a steel works and mining operation.

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16
Q

How high was Russian debt by 1857?

A

566 million roubles

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17
Q

How did Von Reuterns reforms affect taxes?

A

created more indirect taxes which the peasants would struggle to pay. This stopped the economy from growing as the peasantry didn’t have any excess earnings.

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18
Q

How did Russification target Poles?

A

All lessons to be taught in Russian
National bank closed, catholic monasteries shut down

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19
Q

How did Russification target Finns and the Baltics?

A

Finn diet closed. Russian to be used in government offices. Lutherans forced to convert to orthodoxy.

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20
Q

How did Russification target Ukrainians and Belarusians

A

Use of native language curtailed in 1880s. 1884, all ukrainian provincial government shut down.

21
Q

How many mass disturbances were there in 1888, and how widespread were they?

A

332 cases in 61/92.

22
Q

How did Alexander III reform the legal system

A

-1881 law on exceptional measures- commander in chief could take control of an area.
-1882- statute on police surveillance
-jury system changed
-executed 5 peoples’s will assassins and arrested 10000 dissidents

23
Q

When were land captains introduced and what did they do

A

July 1889. Responsible for law enforcement and government. had the power to ignore the zemstva.

24
Q

When did peasants lose voting power

A

1890 in zemstvo, 1892 in town councils

25
Q

What did Alexander III change about the education system?

A

-1884- all uni appointments have to be approved
-women’s unis closed
-pay for secondary education, primary schools returned to church control
-27% literacy in 1897

26
Q

When did Alexander III introduce censorship?

A

1882

27
Q

How much did the economy grow by /year under Reutern?

A

6%

28
Q

when did Bunge raise import tariffs?

A

1878

29
Q

When was the Factory act passed and what did it do?

A

1882- improve working conditions

30
Q

When was the peasant land bank established?

A

1883

31
Q

How much railway was built /year from 1885

A

600000 km

32
Q

When were redemption payments lowered?

A

1886

33
Q

When was poll tax abolished?

A

1886

34
Q

Where did Russia take loans from under Vyshnegradsky

A

France

35
Q

When were indirect taxes increased under Vyshnegradsky?

A

1888

36
Q

When did the russian budget enter surplus?

A

1892

37
Q

When was there a famine, and why?

A

1891-2 in the volga region, due to ‘starvation exports’

38
Q

When was the nobles land bank established?

A

1885

39
Q

How much did grain exports increase from 1881 to 1891?

A

18%

40
Q

How may dies in the volga famine of 1861?

A

350000

41
Q

When were the pogroms?

A

1881-84

42
Q

How many middle class were there by 1897?

A

no more than 500,000

43
Q

how many nobles owned businesses in Moscow by 1882?

A

700

44
Q

What proportion of the population were the urban working class

A

2%

45
Q

What fraction of peasants couldn’t feed their households in the 1880s

A

2/3

46
Q

What was the average life expectancy for peasants?

A

27 for men, 29 for women, compared to 45 in England

47
Q

On average, how many strikes between 1886 and 1894 per year

A

33

48
Q
A

History- Russia (5 decks)

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