Unit 2: Aerobic Respiration Flashcards
When does aerobic cellular respiration occur?
0% (sitting, sleeping) up to about 75% (moderate jog)
Low to moderate intensity
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Production of ATP through the use of oxygen to help fully break down carbs, fats and sometimes protein during any activity from 0% to 75%
Aerobic respiration and the body…
It is the body’s preferred way to make ATP because it is efficient and the only harmful byproduct produces is carbon dioxide which can be exhaled
What does aerobic respiration require?
- Enzymes to add phosphate to ADP
- Oxygen
- Enzymes to catalyze redox reactions involving energy carriers (NAD and FAD)
- Mitochondria
Stage one of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis:
- process of harnessing energy in which one glucose molecule is broken into two Pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell
Stage 2B of aerobic respiration
Pyruvate oxidation:
- removal of another carbon from each Pyruvate and the loss of electrons to NAD becoming NADH, H+
- coenzyme A is added forming two products of acetyl coA
Stage 3 of aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle:
- further transfers the energy in acetyl-coA into ATP
- uses FAD and NAD which acts as electron acceptors in order to gain energy and become NADH and FADH2
- makes 2 ATP
What is significant about the product of the Krebs cycle?
The product is used to start the cycle again
What is needed for the Krebs cycle?
- 2 acetyl-coA
- 2 oxaloacetate
- 6 NAD
- 2 FAD
- 2 ADP and 2 P
- 2 H and 2 H2O
What is produced in the Krebs cycle?
- 2 coA
- 2 oxaloacetate
- 6 NADH and 6H
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
- 4 CO2
After glycolysis, for aerobic respiration to continue, 2 Pyruvate molecules must move from the _____ and enter the ______ , where the second and third stages of cell respiration occur
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial matrix
What occurs in Pyruvate oxidation?
- Pyruvate molecules enter the matrix of the mitochondria with the help of a protein channel to pass through the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes
- coenzyme A attaches to the carboxyl group of the Pyruvate molecule, which enables it to be oxidized, while NAD is reduced and becomes NADH and H
- the remaining carboxyl group is removed as waste in the form of CO2
- resulting product is acetyl-coA, which enters the Krebs cycle
Through the Pyruvate oxidation, the molecule is _____ and NAD is _____ to become ______
Oxidizes
Reduced
NADH H
The Pyruvate oxidation produces ____ molecule of NADH for it’s energy contribution
2
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
- 6 NADH
- 2 ATP
- 2 FADH2
(For each molecule of glucose that enters cellular respiration)
For ever glucose, aerobic respiration makes ____ ATP
38 ATP
Products of glycolysis…
2 NADH and 2 ATP
Products of Pyruvate oxidation…
2 NADH
Products of the Krebs cycle…
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
Products or oxidative phosphorylation…
34 ATP
During oxidative phosphorylation, each NADH can generate ____ ATP, while each FADH2 can generate ___ ATP
3
2
Number of each electron carrier that enters stage 4
10 NADH H
2 FADH2
How many ATP can each electron carrier generate during stage 4?
NADH H = 30 (10x3)
FADH2 = 4 (2x2)
Steps of Pyruvate oxidation…
- Carbon is chopped off by an enzyme called decarboxylase in the form of carbon dioxide, which is exhaled out of the body
- NAD picks up electrons and is reduced to NADH, H+
- Coenzyme A is added
Molecules involved in the Krebs cycle…
Acetyl coA is added with oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Alpha-ketoglutarate Succinyl coA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate
3 things about aerobic respiration that are different from anaerobic respiration…
- oxygen is required
- byproduct or aerobic is not harmful and can easily be removed
- aerobic takes place during low to moderate intensity while anaerobic respiration occurs during high intensity
Parts of the mitochondria…
- outer membrane (very outside)
- inner membrane
- intermembrane space (in between the outer and inner membrane)
- cristae (each fold of the inner membrane)
- matrix (the space of the middle, in the inner membrane)
Details of all stages of aerobic respiration (name of stage, # of energy carriers made, ATP made, where in the cell is occurs)
- Glycolysis, 2 NADH made, 2 ATP made, in cytoplasm
2B. Pyruvate oxidation, 2 NADH, 0 ATP, mitochondrial matrix - Krebs cycle, 6 NADH made, 2 FADH2 made, total 8 electron carriers made, 2 ATP produced, in mitochondrial matrix
- Oxidative phosphorylation, 0 energy carriers made (10 NADH and 2 FADH3 used), 34 ATP made, in cristae (for step 1) and intermembrane space (for step 2)
Final electron carrier in the chain? What does it accept? What is created as the byproduct?
Oxygen cleans up the remaining hydrogen ions to form H2O (6 H2O molecules)
What is the proton motive force?
The concentration gradient between the intermembrane space, which has a high concentration of H+, and the matrix, which has a lower amount of hydrogen ions (protons). Main drive of the production of ATP
What is the enzyme / protein channel responsible for generating ATP? Where is it found? Where does it get the energy to do this?
ATP synthase gets energy from the hydrogen ions (protons) floating freely in the intermembrane space as it passes through so it can add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to form ATP
