Unit 1: Anaerobic

Question 0

What are catabolic reactions?

Answer 0

(Exergonic) reactions releases energy once the activation energy level is reached (enzymes help with this)
(Breaking down of molecules)

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

The production, use and transfer of energy by the body. Involves reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell.

Question 2

What are anabolic reactions?

Answer 2

(Endergonic) reactions that store energy

Forming of molecules

Question 3

What are factors that influence overall metabolism?

Answer 3

• age
• gender
• muscle mass
• amount and type of food eaten
• activity level
• genetics

Question 4

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 4

Energy is only created by the sun, after that it is changed into different forms bur is never destroyed or created again

Question 5

Explain bond energy

Answer 5

Most generated energy is stored in the human body in the form of bond energy, the bonds within each macromolecules is considered potential energy until it is released when the bonds are broken. It then becomes kinetic energy (motion) or thermic energy (heat)
(Never really burn calories / energy, just switches form)

Question 6

What happens once humans take in food?

Answer 6

They must change the energy from the food (which is measured in calories or kilo joules) into a form the body is designed to use, called ATP (adenine triphosphate)

Question 7

How is energy received from ATP?

Answer 7

It is used by breaking off the last of the three phosphates (by hydrolysis), which releases the energy from that bond and leaves ADP and a free phosphate
ADP and phosphate are recycled into ATP again in a continuous cycle

Question 8

Other than ATP, what else does the body rely on to get energy from food?

Answer 8

Electron carriers:

• compounds that carry energy by continuously being oxidized (lose electrons) and reduced (gain electrons)
• NAD and FAD

Question 9

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 9

Releasing of energy as one or more electrons are transferred between molecules

• lose electrons = oxidized
• gain electrons = reduced

Question 10

What does the ATP molecule look like?

Answer 10

• three phosphate molecules in a row
• attached to a carbon ring
• attached to two nitrogen rings

Question 11

The main purpose of the process of cellular respiration?

Answer 11

Converts energy trapped within glucose (most often) (and other nutrients) to energy available to do work in cells in the form of ATP

Question 12

How does cellular respiration (the basics)?

Answer 12

1. Break bond between the carbons in glucose

2. Move hydrogen atoms and electrons from glucose using energy carriers (NAD and FAD)

Question 13

What happens if cellular respiration stops?

Answer 13

• a continual supply of ATP is needed muscle contraction and relaxation, brain and never functions, etc…
• rigor Morris: continuous muscle contraction after death due to the absence of ATP

Question 14

What is rigor Mortis?

Answer 14

Continuous muscle contraction after death due to the absence of ATP

Question 15

What factor influences which pathway of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic, occurs?

Answer 15

The stages of cellular respiration each cell goes through depends on what your body is doing at the time and how fast you need it

Question 16

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 16

• 2 steps
• fast
• in cytoplasm only
• generates only 2 (net) per cycle
• breaks down carbohydrates stored only; therefore can only be done for a short time (not as many carbs stored as fat)
• generates harmful by products (lactic acid in muscles)

Question 17

How can anaerobic respiration be improved?

Answer 17

Your body can only make 2 ATP during each cycle, but the rate of cycles can increase through training (ex. Sprinting practices)

Question 18

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 18

• during high intensity, explosive activities (ex. Sprints, weight lifting, etc…)
• when no oxygen is available (ex. Holding breath, drowning, inhaling carbon monoxide)
• if no mitochondria is present (ex. bacteria and yeast)
• back up method for humans when unable to use oxygen

Question 19

What are the limitations of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 19

• not a lot of ATP produced
• not a lot of carbs are stored in the body, so therefore the carbs stored in the liver and muscles will be used up quickly
• limited time

Question 20

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 20

Making ATP without the use of oxygen

Question 21

What is stage 1 for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 21

Glycolysis:

• shrinking of glucose
• 10 steps are carried out using enzymes

Question 22

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 22

In the cytoplasm

Only thing yeast and bacteria have in cell

Question 23

What glycolysis uses and makes…

Answer 23

Uses: glucose, 2 NAD
Makes: 2 Pyruvate molecules (half of a glucose molecule, 3 carbons), 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 24

What molecules are part of glycolysis?

Answer 24

Glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate 
Fructose 6 phosphate 
Fructose 1,6 biphosphate 
DHAP, G3P 
1,3 biphophoglycerate 
3 phosphoglycerate 
2 phosphoglycerate 
PEP 
Pyruvate

Question 25

In what step of glycolysis is ATP used?

Answer 25

1 and 3

Question 26

What stage is NADH produced in glycolysis?

Answer 26

6

Question 27

When is ATP produced in glycolysis?

Answer 27

7 and 10

Question 28

What step in glycolysis is a water molecule removed?

Answer 28

9

Question 29

What is stage 2A?

Answer 29

Fermentation:

- if oxygen is not availed for use, the Pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm and ferments (rots)

Question 30

What occurs in fermentation in humans?

Answer 30

• the 2 Pyruvate gain H+ from the 2 NADH made in glycolysis to become lactic acid
• lactic acid causes muscle failure, pain and disrupts homeostasis (alters pH level)
• can have H+ removed by the liver or muscles but this requires oxygen, therefore it is done by the body after the exercise is completed
• stays in body for about 36 hours, even after activity is completed

Question 31

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 31

The removal of H+ from the Pyruvate (lactic acid) by the liver or muscles, however this requires oxygen so it is completed after the activity is completed

Question 32

What is lactate threshold?

Answer 32

The intensity at which you start to switch into anaerobic respiration, about 80% of your max. However this can be raised, to start producing lactic acid later, closer to max to perform more effectively

Question 33

What occurs in fermentation for bacteria and yeast?

Answer 33

The Pyruvate gain 2 H+ and give off CO2 gas, so they end up turning into ethanol (alcohol)

Question 34

Why anaerobic respiration is a back up option?

Answer 34

• only 2 ATP gained
• uses only glucose (10% of total fuel stores only)
• generates lactic acid
• only allows about 90 seconds max time before you must slow intensity

Question 35

Is glycolysis a catabolic or anabolic process? Why?

Answer 35

Catabolic because it involves the releasing of energy when the activation energy level is reached

Question 36

What is ATP? How is it used for energy?

Answer 36

ATP (adenine triphosphate)

- last phosphate is broken off by hydrolysis and releases energy

Question 37

What happens during the metabolic pathway to recycle it?

Answer 37

• the last phosphate is removed by hydrolysis from the Pyruvate, this phosphate molecule and ADP are recycled and used again in a continuous cycle
• phosphate is added in to the recycled ADP later on in glycolysis

Question 38

What fuel source does anaerobic respiration use?

Answer 38

Glucose