Unit 1: Anaerobic Flashcards
What are catabolic reactions?
(Exergonic) reactions releases energy once the activation energy level is reached (enzymes help with this)
(Breaking down of molecules)
What is metabolism?
The production, use and transfer of energy by the body. Involves reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell.
What are anabolic reactions?
(Endergonic) reactions that store energy
Forming of molecules
What are factors that influence overall metabolism?
- age
- gender
- muscle mass
- amount and type of food eaten
- activity level
- genetics
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy is only created by the sun, after that it is changed into different forms bur is never destroyed or created again
Explain bond energy
Most generated energy is stored in the human body in the form of bond energy, the bonds within each macromolecules is considered potential energy until it is released when the bonds are broken. It then becomes kinetic energy (motion) or thermic energy (heat)
(Never really burn calories / energy, just switches form)
What happens once humans take in food?
They must change the energy from the food (which is measured in calories or kilo joules) into a form the body is designed to use, called ATP (adenine triphosphate)
How is energy received from ATP?
It is used by breaking off the last of the three phosphates (by hydrolysis), which releases the energy from that bond and leaves ADP and a free phosphate
ADP and phosphate are recycled into ATP again in a continuous cycle
Other than ATP, what else does the body rely on to get energy from food?
Electron carriers:
- compounds that carry energy by continuously being oxidized (lose electrons) and reduced (gain electrons)
- NAD and FAD
What is a redox reaction?
Releasing of energy as one or more electrons are transferred between molecules
- lose electrons = oxidized
- gain electrons = reduced
What does the ATP molecule look like?
- three phosphate molecules in a row
- attached to a carbon ring
- attached to two nitrogen rings
The main purpose of the process of cellular respiration?
Converts energy trapped within glucose (most often) (and other nutrients) to energy available to do work in cells in the form of ATP
How does cellular respiration (the basics)?
- Break bond between the carbons in glucose
2. Move hydrogen atoms and electrons from glucose using energy carriers (NAD and FAD)
What happens if cellular respiration stops?
- a continual supply of ATP is needed muscle contraction and relaxation, brain and never functions, etc…
- rigor Morris: continuous muscle contraction after death due to the absence of ATP
What is rigor Mortis?
Continuous muscle contraction after death due to the absence of ATP
What factor influences which pathway of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic, occurs?
The stages of cellular respiration each cell goes through depends on what your body is doing at the time and how fast you need it
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
- 2 steps
- fast
- in cytoplasm only
- generates only 2 (net) per cycle
- breaks down carbohydrates stored only; therefore can only be done for a short time (not as many carbs stored as fat)
- generates harmful by products (lactic acid in muscles)
How can anaerobic respiration be improved?
Your body can only make 2 ATP during each cycle, but the rate of cycles can increase through training (ex. Sprinting practices)
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
- during high intensity, explosive activities (ex. Sprints, weight lifting, etc…)
- when no oxygen is available (ex. Holding breath, drowning, inhaling carbon monoxide)
- if no mitochondria is present (ex. bacteria and yeast)
- back up method for humans when unable to use oxygen
What are the limitations of anaerobic respiration?
- not a lot of ATP produced
- not a lot of carbs are stored in the body, so therefore the carbs stored in the liver and muscles will be used up quickly
- limited time
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
Making ATP without the use of oxygen
What is stage 1 for anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis:
- shrinking of glucose
- 10 steps are carried out using enzymes
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm
Only thing yeast and bacteria have in cell
What glycolysis uses and makes…
Uses: glucose, 2 NAD
Makes: 2 Pyruvate molecules (half of a glucose molecule, 3 carbons), 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What molecules are part of glycolysis?
Glucose Glucose 6 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 1,6 biphosphate DHAP, G3P 1,3 biphophoglycerate 3 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate PEP Pyruvate
In what step of glycolysis is ATP used?
1 and 3
What stage is NADH produced in glycolysis?
6
When is ATP produced in glycolysis?
7 and 10
What step in glycolysis is a water molecule removed?
9
What is stage 2A?
Fermentation:
- if oxygen is not availed for use, the Pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm and ferments (rots)
What occurs in fermentation in humans?
- the 2 Pyruvate gain H+ from the 2 NADH made in glycolysis to become lactic acid
- lactic acid causes muscle failure, pain and disrupts homeostasis (alters pH level)
- can have H+ removed by the liver or muscles but this requires oxygen, therefore it is done by the body after the exercise is completed
- stays in body for about 36 hours, even after activity is completed
What is oxygen debt?
The removal of H+ from the Pyruvate (lactic acid) by the liver or muscles, however this requires oxygen so it is completed after the activity is completed
What is lactate threshold?
The intensity at which you start to switch into anaerobic respiration, about 80% of your max. However this can be raised, to start producing lactic acid later, closer to max to perform more effectively
What occurs in fermentation for bacteria and yeast?
The Pyruvate gain 2 H+ and give off CO2 gas, so they end up turning into ethanol (alcohol)
Why anaerobic respiration is a back up option?
- only 2 ATP gained
- uses only glucose (10% of total fuel stores only)
- generates lactic acid
- only allows about 90 seconds max time before you must slow intensity
Is glycolysis a catabolic or anabolic process? Why?
Catabolic because it involves the releasing of energy when the activation energy level is reached
What is ATP? How is it used for energy?
ATP (adenine triphosphate)
- last phosphate is broken off by hydrolysis and releases energy
What happens during the metabolic pathway to recycle it?
- the last phosphate is removed by hydrolysis from the Pyruvate, this phosphate molecule and ADP are recycled and used again in a continuous cycle
- phosphate is added in to the recycled ADP later on in glycolysis
What fuel source does anaerobic respiration use?
Glucose
