Unit 2 Flashcards
Sensation
Initial activation of the nervous system
Which sensory systems go through the thalamus?
Everything except olfaction
Adaption
The adjustment of sensory system to the current environment
Olfactory signals pass through which pathway?
Olfactory Nerve
Visual signals pass through which pathway?
Optic Nerve
Auditory signals pass through which pathway?
Cochlear Nerve
Facial sensation pass through which pathway?
Trigeminal Nerve
Taste signals pass through which pathway?
Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Which sensory system does not pass through the thalamus?
Olfaction
Range
The area in which a stimulus responds
Acuity
How well a stimulus is differentiated
As a stimulus remains longer, action potential _____ and adaptation ______.
Decreases, increases
Acuity depends on _______ and _______.
Stimulus collection system, number and distribution of receptors
Saccades
Rapid eye movement
If a sensory system has more ______ in a specific region, there is more _____ representation for that information.
Receptors, cortical
Odor receptors are embedded in the __________.
Mucous Membrane
Where is the mucous membrane located?
Olfactory epithelium
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
Roof of the nasal cavity
Bipolar Neurons in Olfaction Are:
Olfactory Receptors
In the olfactory system, when an _____ triggers a __________, the signal goes to the _________.
Oderant, bipolar neuron, glomeruli
Glomeruli
Neurons in the olfactory bulbs
The axons of the glomeruli form the __________.
Olfactory Nerves
Most of the axons of the olfactory nerve go to the _______ cortex and only some cross over to the ______ hemisphere.
Ipsilateral, contralateral
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Second olfactory processing area
What is the function of the primary olfactory cortex?
It detects an odor change
What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?
It identifies the odor
Papillae in the ______ region have _____ taste buds and papillae in the ______ of the tongue have _______ taste buds.
Anterior, few, back, many
Taste Pores
Lead from tongue surface to the taste buds
The 5 Basic Tastes
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
True or False: Each taste cell responds to only one sense
True
True or False: Tastes are found throughout the tongue
True
True or False: Gustation has topographic representation
False
Nociceptive Receptors
Pain receptors
Trigeminal Nerve
Carries pain, position, and temperature information
In gustation, bipolar neurons’ axons form the __________ nerve which joins other fibers to make the ______ nerve which projects to the _________.
Chordates tympani, facial, gustatory nucleus
The facial nerve projects to the ________.
Gustatory nucleus
Pacinian Corpuscle
Large RF and fast adaption; detects vibrations
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Small RF and fast adaption; detects contact and motion
Merkel’s Discs
Small RF and slow adaption; detects edges, corners, and points
Ruffini’s Ending
Large RF and slow adaption; detects shape of large objects (holding onto a cup and the Ruffini’s Ending detects the size of the cup)
The 3 Types of Nociceptor Receptors:
Thermal receptors; respond to heat/cold, mechanical receptors; respond to heavy mechanical stimulation, and multimodal stimulation; respond to noxious stimulation (heat, mechanical insults, and chemicals)
Proprioception
Enables sensory and motor systems to represent information about muscle and limb conditions
True or False: Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) has somatotopic representation of the body
True
Sensory Homunculus
Amount of cortical representation in sensory homunculus relates to the importance of the somatosensory information for that part of the body; varies with species for the most important body parts
True or False: Somatosensory representation has plasticity
True; it varies by person with their experience
The 3 Tiny Bones in the Middle Ear:
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Sound hits the outer ear and travels down the __________. Sound waves get amplified and travel down to the ______.
Auditory canal, eardrum
Oval Window
The “door” to the cochlea
Cochlea
Critical auditory structure of the inner ear; has tiny hair cells that are on the inner surface of the basilar membrane
Sensory Receptors for Audition
Hair cells
What determines frequency tuning?
Location of a hair cell
Hair cells near the _________ respond to ______ frequency, hair cells near the _______ respond to ______ frequency.
Oval window/base of the cochlea, high, apex, low
True or False: Hair cells have topographic organization
True; arrangement of hair cells is tonotopy
MGN
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
What 2 sensory systems are important for perceiving information from at distance?
Audition and vision
Remote Sensing/Exteroceptive Perception
Processing information without being in direct contact with stimulus
Photoreceptors
Obtain visual information by light reflection in objects
How does object perception occur?
When sensory receptors respond to reflected light
Photopigments
Protein molecules that are sensitive to light
True or False: Retina’s photoreceptors don’t fire action potential
True
What causes action potential in the retina?
Decomposition of photopigments change the membrane potential of the photoreceptors which leads to chemical change and action potential tigger
Photoreceptors change the ______ stimulus into a ______ signal that the brain understands.
Light, neural
Photoreceptors have _____ and _____.
Rods, cones
Rods
Black and white; used at night
Cones
Color; used in daytime
Rods have photopigment _______ and cones have photopigment _______.
Rhodpsin, photopsin
The 3 Types of Cones:
Blue; short wavelengths, green; medium wavelengths, and red; long wavelengths
True or False: Rods and cones are distributed equally in the retina
False; cones are in the center of retina in the fovea and rods are found throughout the retina
Rods and cones are connected to ___________ that synapse with ________.
Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells
In the visual system, axons of _______ form the _______.
Ganglion cells, optic nerve
Optic Nerve
Gives information to the CNS
Retinogeniculate Pathway
Retina to the LGN
LGN
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Geniculocortical Pathway
LGN to visual cortex
LGN has ___ layers.
6
M Cell
Sends output to bottom 2 LGN layers
P Cell
Sends output to top 4 LGN layers
Which visual region has topographic representation?
LGN and V1
What shape is the LGN RF?
Circular
Circular RF in _____ form _____ RF in ____.
LGN, oriented, V1
RF in V1 indicates:
Position and orientation of simulus
Cells in retina and LGN respond best to ______ and cells in V1 are ______ to ______.
Small light spots, sensitive, edges
True or False: RF become larger across visual systems
True
Flicker Fusion
At what stage in our visual system does our perception break down?
Where does conscious perception occur?
Higher area activity
Primary sensory regions are linked to ______ and secondary and association regions are linked to _________.
Physical stimulus, perceptual experience
Dichromats
People with only 2 photopigments
Red/Green Color Blindness
Missing photopigment in medium or long wavelengths
Blue/Yellow Color Blindness
Missing photopigment in short wavelength
Anomalous Trichromats
Have all 3 photopigments but one has abnormal sensitivity
Achromatopsia
Full color blindness caused by disturbance in CNS
Akinetopsia
Loss of motion perception
Lesions in/around V4 can lead to _______ and deficits in __________.
Achromatopsia, shape perception
_______ can be worse if V5 is damaged in _________.
Akinetopsia, both hemispheres
Uncertainty
Not all signals might reach the brain
Connectivity
All senses follow through the cortex (4/5 are very similar)
Where does the tectorial membrane live?
On top of the Organ of Corti
Where do auditory receptors live?
Organ of Corti
Organ of Corti
Hair cells; mechanoreceptors
What allows sound vibrations?
Liquid in cochlea
What does frequency preference depend on?
Thickness of basilar membrane
Two Point Discrimination
How far apart 2 inputs have to be to be detected as separate
Olfactory senses don’t pass the thalamus; they go straight to the ____________.
Primary Olfactory
In gustation, 2 tastes are chemicals and enter through specialized channels. They are ______ and ______.
Salt (Sodium) and Sour (Hydrogen)
Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA)
Using multiple instead of one variable to predict something
True or False: MVPA can be performed on any type of data
True
True or False: Rods and cones don’t generate action potential
True; they are hyper polarized by light
Vertical Pathway
RF size
Horizontal Pathway
RF type
What is vertical pathway determined by?
The number of photoreceptors that project to a ganglion cell
V5/MT
Direction tuning; motion
Direction Tuning
Each cell has a preferred direction of motion
True or False: V4 is NECESSARY for color detection
True; proved by lesions in V4
True or False: V5 is NECESSARY for motion perception
True; proved by lesions in V5
Retinal ganglion cells project to the _______ of the thalamus.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
