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Cognitive Neuroscience > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

How are action plans generated?

A

Through the affordance competition hypothesis; motor plans and actions are activated at the same time.

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2
Q

What is the affordance competition hypothesis?

A

Action plans and specification occur simultaneously.

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3
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Inability to use visual information to guide movement.

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4
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Inability to comprehend the meaning or purpose of an action; an action can be performed but incorrectly.

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5
Q

Damage to the association motor cortex can lead to:

A

Optic ataxia and ideational apraxia

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6
Q

IV in the single unit monkey study for action plans

A

Target location

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7
Q

Does the parietal cortex have topographic organization?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Eye cortical representation in parietal cortex

A

Lateral intraparietal area (LIP)

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9
Q

Arm cortical representation in parietal cortex

A

Medial intraparietal area (MIP)

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10
Q

The parietal cortex has distinct subregions for ____, _____, and ____ movements.

A

Arm, hand, eye

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11
Q

What are the major parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substancia nigra

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12
Q

What is the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

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13
Q

Is most of the circuit of the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory?

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

Globus pallidus (GP) has a ____ baseline firing rate which produces __________ of the motor system.

A

High, tonic inhibition

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15
Q

What are the two pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

Direct and indirect

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16
Q

What is the direct pathway?

A

Fast, striatum to GPi

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17
Q

What is the indirect pathway?

A

Slow, striatum to GPi via GPe and STN

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18
Q

SNc

A

Substancia nigra, pars compacta

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19
Q

SNr

A

Substancia nigra, pars reticulata

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20
Q

GPe

A

External segment of globus pallidus

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21
Q

GPi

A

Internal segment of globus pallidus

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22
Q

STN

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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23
Q

SC

A

Superior colliculus

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24
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia circuitry?

A

Dopamine; D1 and D2

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25
Q

SNc ______ direct pathway

A

Excites

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26
Q

SNc ______ indirect pathway

A

Inhibits

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27
Q

D1 is for the _____ pathway and D2 is for the ______ pathway.

A

Direct, indirect

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28
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s Disease

A

Clumsiness, balance problems, involuntary movements

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29
Q

Result of Huntington’s Disease is ________.

A

Hyperkinesia

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30
Q

What is hyperkinesia?

A

Excessive movement

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31
Q

What does Huntington’s Disease change in the basal ganglia circuit?

A

The inhibitory neurons of the indirect pathway

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32
Q

Results of Parkinson’s Disease are _______ and ______.

A

Hypokinesia, bradykinesia

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33
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Reduction of motion

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34
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slow/delayed motion

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35
Q

What does Parkinson’s Disease change in the basal ganglia circuit?

A

Loss of neurons in the SNc

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36
Q

How is Parkinson’s Disease treated?

A

DBS

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37
Q

Sensorimotor Adaptation

A

Use of sensory inputs to learn to make motor movements

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38
Q

IV in Human tDCS study with visuomotor adaptation task

A

Stimulated regions, three conditions in the visuomotor task

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39
Q

In the Human tDCS study with visuomotor adaptation, stimulation of the _______ speeds adaptation _______, but stimulation of _____ maintains adaptation _________.

A

Cerebellum, short term, M1, long term

40
Q

What area in the brain supports new learning?

A

Cerebellum

41
Q

The motor system is _______.

A

Hierarchical

42
Q

Effector

A

Part of the body that can move

43
Q

Effectors are controlled by ______.

A

Muscles

44
Q

Muscles control _______.

A

Effectors

45
Q

Muscles are composed of _______ fibers.

A

Antagonist

46
Q

_________ of a fiber group causes _______ in the other.

A

Contraction (shortening), extending (lengthening)

47
Q

Muscles are controlled by ___________.

A

Motor neurons

48
Q

Order of control in muscles

A

Motor neurons, muscles, effectors

49
Q

Alpha Motor Neurons

A

Produce contractions

50
Q

Gamma Motor Neurons

A

Support proprioception

51
Q

Alpha motor neurons synapse on __________ not ________.

A

Muscle fibers, other neurons

52
Q

Alpha motor neurons release __________.

A

Acetylcholine

53
Q

How do alpha motor neurons determine the force of a muscle?

A

Number and frequency of action potentials

54
Q

Alpha motor neurons receive input from __________.

A

Muscle spindles

55
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Stretch receptor, indicate the current status of the muscle

56
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory neuron

57
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A

Ability to produce motions without commands or external feedback signals.

58
Q

When the cat’s spinal cord was disconnected from the cortex and subcortex, what happened to the reflexes?

A

It was maintained and exaggerated

59
Q

Why was the cat’s reflexes exaggerated?

A

Lost the inhibition ability to control strength of movement

60
Q

__________ and ___________ are central pattern generators

A

Spinal cord, alpha motor neurons

61
Q

Cerebellum has ______ organization not _______.

A

Ipsilateral, contralateral

62
Q

The cerebellum has _____ nuclei.

A

3

63
Q

The 3 nuclei of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, neocerebellum

64
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Balancing and coordinating eye movements with body movements

65
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Auditory and visual inputs

66
Q

Neocerebellum

A

Inputs from frontal and parietal lobes; outputs to motor regions through the thalamus

67
Q

Damage to vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex; eyes can remain fixed on an object despite head/body movements

68
Q

Damage to spinocerebellum

A

Unsteady gait and balance disturbances

69
Q

Damage to neocerebellum

A

Ataxia; disruption of fine coordination; intention tremor

70
Q

Signals from the spinal cord travel to the primary motor cortex through the _____________ through the brain stem.

A

Pyramidal tracts

71
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Balance, gait, fine coordination

72
Q

Lesion in primary motor cortex

A

Hemiplegia

73
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Loss of voluntary movements on contralateral side of the body

74
Q

Primary motor cortex has _______/______ organization

A

Rostral, caudal

75
Q

True or False: The rostral area in primary motor cortex is present in many species

A

True

76
Q

True or False: The caudal area in primary motor cortex is present in many species

A

False; present in humans and some primates

77
Q

Neurons in caudal area terminate directly on ___________.

A

Alpha motor neurons

78
Q

True or False: Primary motor cortex has motor homunculus

A

True

79
Q

2 hypothesis of how M1 codes actions and commands

A

Trajectory based, location based

80
Q

Trajectory Based Hypothesis

A

Path that transports an effector from one location to another; path/direction specific

81
Q

Location Based Hypothesis

A

Goal location and command needed to move effector to that location; location/goal specific regardless of path

82
Q

Center-out Task

A

Moving a lever to the center to a target indicated by light

83
Q

IV in center-out task

A

Target location, direction of movement

84
Q

DV in center-out task

A

Firing rate of neurons in primary motor cortex

85
Q

Center-out task showed that neurons prefer _________ hypothesis.

A

Trajectory based

86
Q

Function of primary motor cortex (M1)

A

Voluntary motion

87
Q

Neurons are tuned to _______ and can respond in _____ and _______.

A

Direction, planning, execution

88
Q

Secondary motor cortex is broken down into ___________ and _________.

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor cortex (PMC)

89
Q

SMA and PMC have _____ of the body.

A

Maps

90
Q

True or False: SMA and PMC have somatotopic organization

A

True

91
Q

SMA

A

Supplementary Motor Area

92
Q

PMC

A

Premotor cortex

93
Q

Apraxia

A

Loss of motor planning

94
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

Have a sense of desired action but unable to execute the action itself

95
Q

PMC Function

A

Externally guided movements through parietal connections

96
Q

SMA Function

A

Internally guided movements through prefrontal connections

97
Q

Lesion in secondary motor cortex cause

A

Impair in motor planning and not hemiplegia

Cognitive Neuroscience (3 decks)

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