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Higher Chem > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Proteins

A

Fibrous

Globular

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2
Q

Globular proteins

A

Spiral chains that are folded into spherical shapes

Insulin, hormones, enzymes

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3
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Long spiral chains that are folded to form structures such as hair, nails, muscle tissue

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4
Q

Amino acids contain a link called

A

Amide link

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5
Q

Amide link looks like

A

O H
= |
-C-N-

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6
Q

Amino acids look like

A 
O   H     H
  =    |      |
  C—C—N
  |     |     |
 OH  R   H

Where R represents a variable organic group

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7
Q

What happens during condensation of proteins

A

Amino acids join together, H20 is removed

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8
Q

What happens during hydrolysis of proteins

A

Amino acids form seperately, protein splits, H2O added

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9
Q

Esters just have what to as part of their reaction otherwise they cannot be produced

A

Acid catalyst

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10
Q

What makes a carboxylic avid

A

Oxidising agent + alcohol

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11
Q

Burning an alcohol produces what

A

CO2 and H20

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12
Q

What does volatile mean

A

Reactive

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13
Q

Calcium carbonate + carboxylic acid produces

A

Carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What does unsaturated mean

A

Carbon to carbon double bond

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15
Q

What is produced when fats and oils are heated with an alkali

A

Glycerol and soap

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16
Q

Soap has a ____ ____ head and a ____ _____ tail

A

Hydrophilic ionic

Hydrophobic non polar

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17
Q

Ratio of fatty acids to glycerol

A

3:1

18
Q

What does glycerol look like

A 
H
      |
H-C-OH
     |
H-C-OH
     |
H-C-OH
     |
    H
19
Q

How does soap clean

A

Soap dislodges the grease from the surface of the plates and the grease splits up into tiny droplets which are dispersed in the water

20
Q

How are soaps made

A

Soaps are made by the hydrolysis of fats and oils. The fatty acids are neutralised by an alkali catalyst to form soluble ionic salts

21
Q

When are detergents used

A

Used in areas of hard water

22
Q

What is hard water

A

Water containing dissolved metals (Ca2positive or/and Mg2positive

23
Q

What is produced when soap is used in hard water

A

Scum

24
Q

What do detergents do that soaps cannot

A

Clean without producing scum

25
Q

Emulsions

A

When two immiscible liquids are added together and shaken an emulsion is formed. MIXTURE not solution. They are sepearated

26
Q

How to identify an emulsifier

A

E-numbers

27
Q

Emulsifiers

A

Used in food to prevent them seperating eg mayonnaise

Same structurally as soaps and detergents

28
Q

Essential oils are found in

A

Perfumes, cosmetics, solvents

Smell pleasant

29
Q

How are essential oils extracted from plants

A

Steam distillation

30
Q

Terpenes

A

Found in essential oils

31
Q

What is the structural clue for identifying terpenes

A

Always has 5 carbons

32
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive specials containing an unpaired electron

33
Q

What do antioxidants do

A

Mop up free radicals to protect food from spoiling and donate an electron to the potentially damaging free radical

34
Q

Free radicals scavengers

A

Molecules that can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions

35
Q

How do free radicals damage food

A

By removing an electron

36
Q

How are free radicals produced

A

Oxidation reactions

37
Q

Three stages of free radical chain reactions

A

initiation, propagation, termination

38
Q

Initiation

A

Dividing one stable molecule produces two highly reactive radicals.

39
Q

Propagation

A

The highly reactive radicals formed can remove atoms from other (stable) compounds to re-establish stable covalent bonds. This reaction will produce a new free radical.

40
Q

Termination

A

The chain reaction will only end when a reaction takes place in which no new radicals are formed. This can occur whenever radicals react with each other.

41
Q

What splits molecules producing free radicals

A

UV lights

Higher Chem (4 decks)

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