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Biology Nat5 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by cell division

A

Increasing the number of cells in an organism

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2
Q

What is meant by mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus is urs results in 2 identical daughter nuclei

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3
Q

What is meant meant haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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4
Q

What is meant b diploid

A

2 matching sea of chromosomes

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5
Q

What are the functions of mitosis

A
  • maintains the diploid chromosomes complement

- provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells

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6
Q

what are you the Stages of mitosis

A

1- chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
2-chromosomes line up in the equator (made of chromatids)
3- spindle fibers pulls chromosomes apart
4- chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell
5-two daughter cells forms with identical chromosomes to the parent cell.

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7
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of steam cells

A

Embryonic
&
Tissue

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9
Q

Where can u obtain embryonic cell

A

Very early embryo

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10
Q

Where can you find tissue steam cells

A

Throughout the body and are more specialised meaning they can only become cells associated with that tissue

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11
Q

What are the functions of stem cells

A

Divide in order to self renew

Become more specialised cells

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12
Q

What are stem cells involved in

A

Growths and repair

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13
Q

What is the chromosomes complement of a cell

A

The number and type of chromosomes it contains

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14
Q

What do each chromosomes under go before mitosis

A

DNA replication to form 2 chromatids

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15
Q

What is the human nervous system made of

A

The brain
The spinal cord
Associated neurons

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16
Q

What’s the parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medula

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17
Q

What does the cerebrum do

A

Is the Center for conscious thought, reasoning, imagination,creativity and memory

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18
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Controlls balance and muscular co-ordination

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19
Q

What does the medula do

A

Controls berating rate and heartbeat

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20
Q

What do neurons do

A

Electrical impulses carry messages along neurons

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21
Q

What are the types of neurons

A

Sensory
Inter
Motor

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22
Q

What do sensory neurons do

A

Pass information to the CNS

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23
Q

What do inter neurons do

A

Work within the CNS processing information from the senses that require a response

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24
Q

what do Motor neurons do

A

Response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)

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25
Q

What is a synapse

A

A tiny space called a synapse lies between the ending of one neurone and the beginning of the next one.

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26
Q

What’s the function of a reflex action

A

To protect the body from damage

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27
Q

What is a reflex action

A

The transmission of a nerve impulse through a reflex arc which results in a reflex action which is rapid , automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus

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28
Q

What is the reflex pathway

A 
Stimulus
      |
Sensory neuron
      I
Synapse 
     I
Inter neuron
     I 
Synapse
     I
Motor neuron
     I
Effector muscle
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29
Q

What releases hormones into the blood stream

A

Endrocrine glands

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30
Q

How do hormones move around the body

A

Through the blood stream

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31
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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32
Q

Why do hormones travel to target tissue

A

Because they have complementary receptors

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33
Q

What organ controls blood glucose levels

A

Pancreas

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34
Q

Why is blood glucose controlled in the bloodstream

A

To make sure that the body always has enough sugar in the blood for respiration to take place

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35
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin and glucagon

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36
Q

What’s the equation for the hormones in the pancreas

A

Insulin
glycogen
Glucagon

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37
Q

What do people with type 1 diabetes don’t produce

A

They don’t produce insulin

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38
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled

A

With diet and exercise

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39
Q

What are sex cells called

A

Gametes

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40
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

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41
Q

Are body cells haploid or diploid

A

Diploid

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42
Q

Where are sperm cells produced

A

In the testes

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43
Q

What are the parts of the male sex organ

A

Sperm duct
Urethra
Testes
Penis

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44
Q

What’s another game given to an egg

A

Ova

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45
Q

What’s the parts of an egg (ova)

A

Food store
Cell membrane
Nucleus

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46
Q

What’s the parts of the female sex organ

A 
Oviduct 
Cervix
Uterus
Ovaries 
 Vagina
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47
Q

Where is the Male gamete in flower

A

The pollen which is produced by the anthur

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48
Q

Where is the female gamete found in a flower

A

The ovule which is found in the ovary

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49
Q

Where is the anthur found in a flower

A

At the end of the stamen

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50
Q

What are the parts of a flower

A 
Anthur 
Stamen 
Petals
Ovule
Speal
Ovary
Stigma
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51
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The name given to the fusion of the nuclei of the Male ans female haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

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52
Q

What does a zygote divide to become

A

The embryo

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53
Q

How is a zygote produced

A

Nuclei fusions together

54
Q

What is variation

A

The difference that exists between members of the same species

55
Q

What contributes to variation within a species

A

Genes from 2 parents

56
Q

What are the 2 kinds of variation

A

Discrete and

Continuous

57
Q

What is Discrete variation

A

Is when u can or can’t do something and u have inherited it

58
Q

What is continuous variation

A

When there is a rage of different values

59
Q

What is an example of discrete variation

A

Tongue rolling

Blood groups

60
Q

What’s an example of continuous variation

A

Height
Shoe size
Weight

61
Q

What is single gene inheritance also known as

A

Monohybrid inheritance

62
Q

What is a gene

A

A unit of inheritance

63
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene represented by letters

64
Q

What is meant by homozygous

A

Both alleles of the gene are the same

65
Q

What is meant by hertrozygous

A

Both alleles of the gene are different

66
Q

What is meant by dominant

A

The allele which is always shown if present. Represented by a capital letter

67
Q

What is meant by recessive

A

The allele which is masked by the dominant. Represented by a lower case letter

68
Q

What is a genotype

A

The alleles present in an organism

69
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a characteristic.

70
Q

What does P stand for

A

Parent generation

71
Q

What does F1 stand for

A

First generation of offspring

72
Q

What does F2 stand for

A

Second generation of offspring

73
Q

What are the plant organs

A

Leaves

Steams and the roots

74
Q

What are the parts of a leaf structure

A 
Vein
Airspace
Guard cells
Stomata
Lower epidermis
Spongy mesophyll layer
Palisade mesophyll layer
Upper epidermis
75
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis

A

Want to prevent water loss and protect the leaf

76
Q

What is the function of the mesophyll layer

A

Consist of palisade and spongy mesophyll
Site of photosynthesis
Contains lots of chlorophyll
Most photosynthesis happens in the palisade

77
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis

A

Contains pores called stomata

78
Q

What is the function or the stomata

A

Allows water vapour to leave site of gas exchange

79
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Controls the opening and closing of stomata

80
Q

What is the function of the vein

A

Consists of xylem and phloem vessels

81
Q

How many types of transport tissues are in plants

A

2

82
Q

What are the different types of transport tissue in plants called

A

Xylem and phloem

83
Q

What is the xylem made from

A

Dead vessels in the plant

84
Q

What is the xylem involved in

A

In the movement or water and minerals through a plant from its roots to its leaves

85
Q

Why does the xylem have rings of lignin

A

to withstand the pressure changes that exist as water moves through the plant

86
Q

What is phloem

A

Living vessels involved in transporting sugar up and down the plant

87
Q

What’s in a phloem

A

Sieve plate , companion cell, sieve tubes

88
Q

What is transpiration

A

The process of water moving through a plant and evaporating through the stomata

89
Q

What ways can transpiration be measured

A

Weight potometer

Bubble potometer

90
Q

How can transpiration be effected

A

Increase temperature
Increase wind speed
Decrease humidity

91
Q

What does a weight potometer do

A

Allows the calculation of weight of water lost per unit of time

92
Q

What does a bubble potometer do

A

Measures rate of water up take which equals water loss by transpiration

93
Q

How is using a bubble potometer only an estimate

A

As some water is retained in leaf for photosynthesis

Water potometer is more accurate

94
Q

How do plants make their own food

A

Through the 2 staged process of photosynthesis

95
Q

What is photosynthesis controlled by

A

Enzymes

96
Q

What is stage one of photosynthesis called

A

Light reaction

97
Q

What happens in stage one of photosynthesis

A

Light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll.

This enters is turned into ATP

The light energy captured is used to spilt water into hydrogen and oxygen

98
Q

What is stage 2 called of photosynthesis

A

Carbon fixation

99
Q

What happens in stage 2 of photosynthesis

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions which use hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar

100
Q

Why does oxygen diffuse out of the cell in photosynthesis

A

To either leave through stomata or be used in respiration

101
Q

What energy is used in stage 2 of photosynthesis

A

ATP

102
Q

What are the raw materials used in stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

Light and water

103
Q

What are the raw materials used in stage 2 of photosynthesis

A

ATP, hydrogen and carbon dioxide

104
Q

What are the products of stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen , hydrogen and ATP

105
Q

What are the products of stage 2 photosynthesis

A

Glucose

106
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Light
Energy
Carbon ——->glucose+oxygen
Dioxide

107
Q

What ways can chemical energy in glucose be used

A
  • Use in respiration
  • converted to starch for storage
  • converted to cellulose for making the well wall
108
Q

Factors that can effect how quickly photosynthesis happens are known as

A

Limiting factors

109
Q

What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis

A
  • light intensity
  • carbon dioxide concentration
  • temperature
110
Q

What are the leafs organs

A

Leaves , roots and stems

111
Q

What does the upper epidermis of a leaf have

A

Waxy you’re prevent water loss

112
Q

What is the function of guard cells

A

Control opening and closing of stomata

113
Q

What is the function of the stomata

A

Allow water vapour to leave

114
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water from the leaves of a plant

115
Q

Specialisations of a red blood cell

A

Contains haemoglobin
No nucleus
Tiny and flexible
Bi-concave disc shape

116
Q

What is haemogbin

A

A protein found in red blood cells and makes it possible for them to carry oxygen

117
Q

Why is blood red

A

Due to the oxygen binding to the haemogbin

118
Q

Equation for haemogbin

A

Oxygen+haemogbin—> oxyhemoglobin

119
Q

What do phagocytes carry out and how do they do it

A

Phagocytosis ( engulfing pathogens ans breaking them down)

120
Q

What do lymphocytes produce

A

Antibodies

121
Q

What are antibodies

A

Proteins that are specific to a particular pathogen

122
Q

What are white blood cells part of

A

The immune system

123
Q

Order of where blood moved through the heart

A 
Vena cava
Right atrium 
Right ventricle 
Pulmorny artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
124
Q

What takes blood away from the heart

A

Arteries (Arteries Away)

125
Q

What carrys blood to the heart

A

Veins

126
Q

Why does the heart contain valves

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

127
Q

The blood vellsel stuff look in jotter to see differences

Cba typing but what are the blood vessels?

A

Arteries veins and capillaries

128
Q

What features do the surfaces have in absorption

A

Large surface area
Thin walls
Extensive blood supply

129
Q

What are the specialisation of the alveoli

A

Very thin lining
Large surface area
Good blood supply

130
Q

I’m digestion what are ____ broken down into

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

A

Amino acids

Glucose

Glycerol + fatty acids

131
Q

What are the specialisations of the small intestine

A

Very thin lining
Large number of villi
Capillaries in each villus
Lacteals inside villi

Biology Nat5 (3 decks)

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