Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is meant by cell division
A
Increasing the number of cells in an organism
2
Q
What is meant by mitosis
A
Division of the nucleus is urs results in 2 identical daughter nuclei
3
Q
What is meant meant haploid
A
1 set of chromosomes
4
Q
What is meant b diploid
A
2 matching sea of chromosomes
5
Q
What are the functions of mitosis
A
- maintains the diploid chromosomes complement
- provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells
6
Q
what are you the Stages of mitosis
A
1- chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
2-chromosomes line up in the equator (made of chromatids)
3- spindle fibers pulls chromosomes apart
4- chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell
5-two daughter cells forms with identical chromosomes to the parent cell.
7
Q
What are stem cells
A
Unspecialised cells
8
Q
What are the 2 types of steam cells
A
Embryonic
&
Tissue
9
Q
Where can u obtain embryonic cell
A
Very early embryo
10
Q
Where can you find tissue steam cells
A
Throughout the body and are more specialised meaning they can only become cells associated with that tissue
11
Q
What are the functions of stem cells
A
Divide in order to self renew
Become more specialised cells
12
Q
What are stem cells involved in
A
Growths and repair
13
Q
What is the chromosomes complement of a cell
A
The number and type of chromosomes it contains
14
Q
What do each chromosomes under go before mitosis
A
DNA replication to form 2 chromatids
15
Q
What is the human nervous system made of
A
The brain
The spinal cord
Associated neurons
16
Q
What’s the parts of the brain
A
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medula
17
Q
What does the cerebrum do
A
Is the Center for conscious thought, reasoning, imagination,creativity and memory
18
Q
What does the cerebellum do
A
Controlls balance and muscular co-ordination
19
Q
What does the medula do
A
Controls berating rate and heartbeat
20
Q
What do neurons do
A
Electrical impulses carry messages along neurons
21
Q
What are the types of neurons
A
Sensory
Inter
Motor
22
Q
What do sensory neurons do
A
Pass information to the CNS
23
Q
What do inter neurons do
A
Work within the CNS processing information from the senses that require a response
24
Q
what do Motor neurons do
A
Response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)
25
What is a synapse
A tiny space called a synapse lies between the ending of one neurone and the beginning of the next one.
26
What’s the function of a reflex action
To protect the body from damage
27
What is a reflex action
The transmission of a nerve impulse through a reflex arc which results in a reflex action which is rapid , automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus
28
What is the reflex pathway
```
Stimulus
|
Sensory neuron
I
Synapse
I
Inter neuron
I
Synapse
I
Motor neuron
I
Effector muscle
```
29
What releases hormones into the blood stream
Endrocrine glands
30
How do hormones move around the body
Through the blood stream
31
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
32
Why do hormones travel to target tissue
Because they have complementary receptors
33
What organ controls blood glucose levels
Pancreas
34
Why is blood glucose controlled in the bloodstream
To make sure that the body always has enough sugar in the blood for respiration to take place
35
What hormones does the pancreas produce
Insulin and glucagon
36
What’s the equation for the hormones in the pancreas
Insulin
glycogen
Glucagon
37
What do people with type 1 diabetes don’t produce
They don’t produce insulin
38
How can type 2 diabetes be controlled
With diet and exercise
39
What are sex cells called
Gametes
40
Are gametes haploid or diploid
Haploid
41
Are body cells haploid or diploid
Diploid
42
Where are sperm cells produced
In the testes
43
What are the parts of the male sex organ
Sperm duct
Urethra
Testes
Penis
44
What’s another game given to an egg
Ova
45
What’s the parts of an egg (ova)
Food store
Cell membrane
Nucleus
46
What’s the parts of the female sex organ
```
Oviduct
Cervix
Uterus
Ovaries
Vagina
```
47
Where is the Male gamete in flower
The pollen which is produced by the anthur
48
Where is the female gamete found in a flower
The ovule which is found in the ovary
49
Where is the anthur found in a flower
At the end of the stamen
50
What are the parts of a flower
```
Anthur
Stamen
Petals
Ovule
Speal
Ovary
Stigma
```
51
What is fertilisation
The name given to the fusion of the nuclei of the Male ans female haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
52
What does a zygote divide to become
The embryo
53
How is a zygote produced
Nuclei fusions together
54
What is variation
The difference that exists between members of the same species
55
What contributes to variation within a species
Genes from 2 parents
56
What are the 2 kinds of variation
Discrete and
| Continuous
57
What is Discrete variation
Is when u can or can’t do something and u have inherited it
58
What is continuous variation
When there is a rage of different values
59
What is an example of discrete variation
Tongue rolling
| Blood groups
60
What’s an example of continuous variation
Height
Shoe size
Weight
61
What is single gene inheritance also known as
Monohybrid inheritance
62
What is a gene
A unit of inheritance
63
What are alleles
Different forms of the same gene represented by letters
64
What is meant by homozygous
Both alleles of the gene are the same
65
What is meant by hertrozygous
Both alleles of the gene are different
66
What is meant by dominant
The allele which is always shown if present. Represented by a capital letter
67
What is meant by recessive
The allele which is masked by the dominant. Represented by a lower case letter
68
What is a genotype
The alleles present in an organism
69
What is a phenotype
The physical appearance of a characteristic.
70
What does P stand for
Parent generation
71
What does F1 stand for
First generation of offspring
72
What does F2 stand for
Second generation of offspring
73
What are the plant organs
Leaves
| Steams and the roots
74
What are the parts of a leaf structure
```
Vein
Airspace
Guard cells
Stomata
Lower epidermis
Spongy mesophyll layer
Palisade mesophyll layer
Upper epidermis
```
75
What is the function of the upper epidermis
Want to prevent water loss and protect the leaf
76
What is the function of the mesophyll layer
Consist of palisade and spongy mesophyll
Site of photosynthesis
Contains lots of chlorophyll
Most photosynthesis happens in the palisade
77
What is the function of the lower epidermis
Contains pores called stomata
78
What is the function or the stomata
Allows water vapour to leave site of gas exchange
79
What is the function of guard cells
Controls the opening and closing of stomata
80
What is the function of the vein
Consists of xylem and phloem vessels
81
How many types of transport tissues are in plants
2
82
What are the different types of transport tissue in plants called
Xylem and phloem
83
What is the xylem made from
Dead vessels in the plant
84
What is the xylem involved in
In the movement or water and minerals through a plant from its roots to its leaves
85
Why does the xylem have rings of lignin
to withstand the pressure changes that exist as water moves through the plant
86
What is phloem
Living vessels involved in transporting sugar up and down the plant
87
What’s in a phloem
Sieve plate , companion cell, sieve tubes
88
What is transpiration
The process of water moving through a plant and evaporating through the stomata
89
What ways can transpiration be measured
Weight potometer
| Bubble potometer
90
How can transpiration be effected
Increase temperature
Increase wind speed
Decrease humidity
91
What does a weight potometer do
Allows the calculation of weight of water lost per unit of time
92
What does a bubble potometer do
Measures rate of water up take which equals water loss by transpiration
93
How is using a bubble potometer only an estimate
As some water is retained in leaf for photosynthesis
Water potometer is more accurate
94
How do plants make their own food
Through the 2 staged process of photosynthesis
95
What is photosynthesis controlled by
Enzymes
96
What is stage one of photosynthesis called
Light reaction
97
What happens in stage one of photosynthesis
Light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll.
This enters is turned into ATP
The light energy captured is used to spilt water into hydrogen and oxygen
98
What is stage 2 called of photosynthesis
Carbon fixation
99
What happens in stage 2 of photosynthesis
A series of enzyme controlled reactions which use hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar
100
Why does oxygen diffuse out of the cell in photosynthesis
To either leave through stomata or be used in respiration
101
What energy is used in stage 2 of photosynthesis
ATP
102
What are the raw materials used in stage 1 of photosynthesis
Light and water
103
What are the raw materials used in stage 2 of photosynthesis
ATP, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
104
What are the products of stage 1 of photosynthesis
Oxygen , hydrogen and ATP
105
What are the products of stage 2 photosynthesis
Glucose
106
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Light
Energy
Carbon ——->glucose+oxygen
Dioxide
107
What ways can chemical energy in glucose be used
- Use in respiration
- converted to starch for storage
- converted to cellulose for making the well wall
108
Factors that can effect how quickly photosynthesis happens are known as
Limiting factors
109
What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis
- light intensity
- carbon dioxide concentration
- temperature
110
What are the leafs organs
Leaves , roots and stems
111
What does the upper epidermis of a leaf have
Waxy you’re prevent water loss
112
What is the function of guard cells
Control opening and closing of stomata
113
What is the function of the stomata
Allow water vapour to leave
114
What is transpiration
The loss of water from the leaves of a plant
115
Specialisations of a red blood cell
Contains haemoglobin
No nucleus
Tiny and flexible
Bi-concave disc shape
116
What is haemogbin
A protein found in red blood cells and makes it possible for them to carry oxygen
117
Why is blood red
Due to the oxygen binding to the haemogbin
118
Equation for haemogbin
Oxygen+haemogbin—> oxyhemoglobin
119
What do phagocytes carry out and how do they do it
Phagocytosis ( engulfing pathogens ans breaking them down)
120
What do lymphocytes produce
Antibodies
121
What are antibodies
Proteins that are specific to a particular pathogen
122
What are white blood cells part of
The immune system
123
Order of where blood moved through the heart
```
Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmorny artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
```
124
What takes blood away from the heart
Arteries (Arteries Away)
125
What carrys blood to the heart
Veins
126
Why does the heart contain valves
To prevent the back flow of blood
127
The blood vellsel stuff look in jotter to see differences
| Cba typing but what are the blood vessels?
Arteries veins and capillaries
128
What features do the surfaces have in absorption
Large surface area
Thin walls
Extensive blood supply
129
What are the specialisation of the alveoli
Very thin lining
Large surface area
Good blood supply
130
I’m digestion what are ____ broken down into
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Amino acids
Glucose
Glycerol + fatty acids
131
What are the specialisations of the small intestine
Very thin lining
Large number of villi
Capillaries in each villus
Lacteals inside villi
