Unit 2 Flashcards
What is meant by cell division
Increasing the number of cells in an organism
What is meant by mitosis
Division of the nucleus is urs results in 2 identical daughter nuclei
What is meant meant haploid
1 set of chromosomes
What is meant b diploid
2 matching sea of chromosomes
What are the functions of mitosis
- maintains the diploid chromosomes complement
- provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells
what are you the Stages of mitosis
1- chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
2-chromosomes line up in the equator (made of chromatids)
3- spindle fibers pulls chromosomes apart
4- chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell
5-two daughter cells forms with identical chromosomes to the parent cell.
What are stem cells
Unspecialised cells
What are the 2 types of steam cells
Embryonic
&
Tissue
Where can u obtain embryonic cell
Very early embryo
Where can you find tissue steam cells
Throughout the body and are more specialised meaning they can only become cells associated with that tissue
What are the functions of stem cells
Divide in order to self renew
Become more specialised cells
What are stem cells involved in
Growths and repair
What is the chromosomes complement of a cell
The number and type of chromosomes it contains
What do each chromosomes under go before mitosis
DNA replication to form 2 chromatids
What is the human nervous system made of
The brain
The spinal cord
Associated neurons
What’s the parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medula
What does the cerebrum do
Is the Center for conscious thought, reasoning, imagination,creativity and memory
What does the cerebellum do
Controlls balance and muscular co-ordination
What does the medula do
Controls berating rate and heartbeat
What do neurons do
Electrical impulses carry messages along neurons
What are the types of neurons
Sensory
Inter
Motor
What do sensory neurons do
Pass information to the CNS
What do inter neurons do
Work within the CNS processing information from the senses that require a response
what do Motor neurons do
Response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)
What is a synapse
A tiny space called a synapse lies between the ending of one neurone and the beginning of the next one.
What’s the function of a reflex action
To protect the body from damage
What is a reflex action
The transmission of a nerve impulse through a reflex arc which results in a reflex action which is rapid , automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus
What is the reflex pathway
Stimulus
|
Sensory neuron
I
Synapse
I
Inter neuron
I
Synapse
I
Motor neuron
I
Effector muscleWhat releases hormones into the blood stream
Endrocrine glands
How do hormones move around the body
Through the blood stream
What are hormones
Chemical messengers
Why do hormones travel to target tissue
Because they have complementary receptors
What organ controls blood glucose levels
Pancreas
Why is blood glucose controlled in the bloodstream
To make sure that the body always has enough sugar in the blood for respiration to take place
What hormones does the pancreas produce
Insulin and glucagon
What’s the equation for the hormones in the pancreas
Insulin
glycogen
Glucagon
What do people with type 1 diabetes don’t produce
They don’t produce insulin
How can type 2 diabetes be controlled
With diet and exercise
What are sex cells called
Gametes
Are gametes haploid or diploid
Haploid
Are body cells haploid or diploid
Diploid
Where are sperm cells produced
In the testes
What are the parts of the male sex organ
Sperm duct
Urethra
Testes
Penis
What’s another game given to an egg
Ova
What’s the parts of an egg (ova)
Food store
Cell membrane
Nucleus
What’s the parts of the female sex organ
Oviduct Cervix Uterus Ovaries Vagina
Where is the Male gamete in flower
The pollen which is produced by the anthur
Where is the female gamete found in a flower
The ovule which is found in the ovary
Where is the anthur found in a flower
At the end of the stamen
What are the parts of a flower
Anthur Stamen Petals Ovule Speal Ovary Stigma
What is fertilisation
The name given to the fusion of the nuclei of the Male ans female haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote
What does a zygote divide to become
The embryo
How is a zygote produced
Nuclei fusions together
What is variation
The difference that exists between members of the same species
What contributes to variation within a species
Genes from 2 parents
What are the 2 kinds of variation
Discrete and
Continuous
What is Discrete variation
Is when u can or can’t do something and u have inherited it
What is continuous variation
When there is a rage of different values
What is an example of discrete variation
Tongue rolling
Blood groups
What’s an example of continuous variation
Height
Shoe size
Weight
What is single gene inheritance also known as
Monohybrid inheritance
What is a gene
A unit of inheritance
What are alleles
Different forms of the same gene represented by letters
What is meant by homozygous
Both alleles of the gene are the same
What is meant by hertrozygous
Both alleles of the gene are different
What is meant by dominant
The allele which is always shown if present. Represented by a capital letter
What is meant by recessive
The allele which is masked by the dominant. Represented by a lower case letter
What is a genotype
The alleles present in an organism
What is a phenotype
The physical appearance of a characteristic.
What does P stand for
Parent generation
What does F1 stand for
First generation of offspring
What does F2 stand for
Second generation of offspring
What are the plant organs
Leaves
Steams and the roots
What are the parts of a leaf structure
Vein Airspace Guard cells Stomata Lower epidermis Spongy mesophyll layer Palisade mesophyll layer Upper epidermis
What is the function of the upper epidermis
Want to prevent water loss and protect the leaf
What is the function of the mesophyll layer
Consist of palisade and spongy mesophyll
Site of photosynthesis
Contains lots of chlorophyll
Most photosynthesis happens in the palisade
What is the function of the lower epidermis
Contains pores called stomata
What is the function or the stomata
Allows water vapour to leave site of gas exchange
What is the function of guard cells
Controls the opening and closing of stomata
What is the function of the vein
Consists of xylem and phloem vessels
How many types of transport tissues are in plants
2
What are the different types of transport tissue in plants called
Xylem and phloem
What is the xylem made from
Dead vessels in the plant
What is the xylem involved in
In the movement or water and minerals through a plant from its roots to its leaves
Why does the xylem have rings of lignin
to withstand the pressure changes that exist as water moves through the plant
What is phloem
Living vessels involved in transporting sugar up and down the plant
What’s in a phloem
Sieve plate , companion cell, sieve tubes
What is transpiration
The process of water moving through a plant and evaporating through the stomata
What ways can transpiration be measured
Weight potometer
Bubble potometer
How can transpiration be effected
Increase temperature
Increase wind speed
Decrease humidity
What does a weight potometer do
Allows the calculation of weight of water lost per unit of time
What does a bubble potometer do
Measures rate of water up take which equals water loss by transpiration
How is using a bubble potometer only an estimate
As some water is retained in leaf for photosynthesis
Water potometer is more accurate
How do plants make their own food
Through the 2 staged process of photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis controlled by
Enzymes
What is stage one of photosynthesis called
Light reaction
What happens in stage one of photosynthesis
Light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll.
This enters is turned into ATP
The light energy captured is used to spilt water into hydrogen and oxygen
What is stage 2 called of photosynthesis
Carbon fixation
What happens in stage 2 of photosynthesis
A series of enzyme controlled reactions which use hydrogen and ATP with carbon dioxide to produce sugar
Why does oxygen diffuse out of the cell in photosynthesis
To either leave through stomata or be used in respiration
What energy is used in stage 2 of photosynthesis
ATP
What are the raw materials used in stage 1 of photosynthesis
Light and water
What are the raw materials used in stage 2 of photosynthesis
ATP, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
What are the products of stage 1 of photosynthesis
Oxygen , hydrogen and ATP
What are the products of stage 2 photosynthesis
Glucose
What is the word equation for photosynthesis
Light
Energy
Carbon ——->glucose+oxygen
Dioxide
What ways can chemical energy in glucose be used
- Use in respiration
- converted to starch for storage
- converted to cellulose for making the well wall
Factors that can effect how quickly photosynthesis happens are known as
Limiting factors
What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis
- light intensity
- carbon dioxide concentration
- temperature
What are the leafs organs
Leaves , roots and stems
What does the upper epidermis of a leaf have
Waxy you’re prevent water loss
What is the function of guard cells
Control opening and closing of stomata
What is the function of the stomata
Allow water vapour to leave
What is transpiration
The loss of water from the leaves of a plant
Specialisations of a red blood cell
Contains haemoglobin
No nucleus
Tiny and flexible
Bi-concave disc shape
What is haemogbin
A protein found in red blood cells and makes it possible for them to carry oxygen
Why is blood red
Due to the oxygen binding to the haemogbin
Equation for haemogbin
Oxygen+haemogbin—> oxyhemoglobin
What do phagocytes carry out and how do they do it
Phagocytosis ( engulfing pathogens ans breaking them down)
What do lymphocytes produce
Antibodies
What are antibodies
Proteins that are specific to a particular pathogen
What are white blood cells part of
The immune system
Order of where blood moved through the heart
Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmorny artery Lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta
What takes blood away from the heart
Arteries (Arteries Away)
What carrys blood to the heart
Veins
Why does the heart contain valves
To prevent the back flow of blood
The blood vellsel stuff look in jotter to see differences
Cba typing but what are the blood vessels?
Arteries veins and capillaries
What features do the surfaces have in absorption
Large surface area
Thin walls
Extensive blood supply
What are the specialisation of the alveoli
Very thin lining
Large surface area
Good blood supply
I’m digestion what are ____ broken down into
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Amino acids
Glucose
Glycerol + fatty acids
What are the specialisations of the small intestine
Very thin lining
Large number of villi
Capillaries in each villus
Lacteals inside villi
