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Biology Nat5 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell membranes function?

A

Selective permeable layer which controls which substances can enter and exit the cell

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2
Q

Where is the site of chemical reaction?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Location where respiration occurs and most of the cells ATP is produced

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4
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Location where amino acids are connected together to produce proteins

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5
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA and therefore controls activities of the cell

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7
Q

What are the cell walls in plants made out of?

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

freely permeable layer surrounding cell membrane that’s made of cellulose.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports and strengths cell

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10
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Location where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is produced

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11
Q

What’s the function of the vacuole?

A

Water storage

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12
Q

What type of cells have a cell wall that is NOT made up of cellulose?

A

Fungal cell and bacteria cell

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13
Q

What does a plant cell consist of?

A

Nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

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14
Q

What does an animal cell consist of?

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, nucleus

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15
Q

What does a fungal cell consist of?

A

Ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall

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16
Q

What cell is like an animal cell but has a cell wall?

A

Fungal cell

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17
Q

What does a bacterial cell consist of?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, large circular DNA molecule

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18
Q

What cell has a no nucleus ?

A

Bacterial cell

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19
Q

Where does a bacterial cells DNA float ?

A

In the cytoplasm

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20
Q

How many layers are in the cell membrane?

A

2

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21
Q

What are the layers in a cell membrane made out of ?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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22
Q

Is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What does selectively permeable mean ?

A

it means that it lets Some substances through and prevents others from passing through at all

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24
Q

What type of transport doesn’t need energy?

A

Passive

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25
Q

What type of transport needs energy?

A

Active

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26
Q

What is the equation for percentage change?

A

New value - old value
——————————- X 100%
Old value

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27
Q

When does active transport occur?

A

When molecules are moved across the cell membrane from an area where they are at a low concentration to an area of high concentration by specific membrane proteins

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28
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Because the movement is against the concentration gradient

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29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movements of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

30
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water to a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

31
Q

What happens in a plant cell where the concentration is the same?

A

Equal water concentration, no osmosis occurs

32
Q

What happens in a plant cell with a high water concentration?

A

Cell swells and becomes turgid

33
Q

What happens in a plant cell with a low water concentration?

A

Cell membrane peels away from cell wall and is plasmolysed

34
Q

What happens in an animal cell with the same concentration?

A

Stays the same

35
Q

What happens in an animal cell with a high water concentration?

A

Water moves in the cell and it bursts

36
Q

What happens in a animal cell with a low water concentration?

A

Water moves out and cell shrinks

37
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

double helix

38
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA held together?

A

By weak bonds between pairs of bases

39
Q

What are the letters of the bases in DNA ?

A

A T C G

40
Q

What does A pair with ?

A

T

41
Q

What does C pair with ?

A

G

42
Q

What are chromosomes ?

A

Thread-like structures found in the nucleus and made of tightly coiled DNA

43
Q

What are the 4 DNA bases called (full names)

A

Adenine , thymine , cytosine , guanine

44
Q

What do proteins consist of ?

A

Long chains of repeating chemicals called amino acids

45
Q

What is the word given to the group of 3 bases that represent different amino acids

A

Triplets

46
Q

What is a gene ?

A

A sequence of bases of DNA that codes for a protein

47
Q

Where is mRNA made ?

A

The nucleus

48
Q

What does mRNA do ?

A

Carries a copy of a gene to the cytoplasm

49
Q

What about mRNA makes it easier to leave the nucleus?

A

It is single stranded

50
Q

What order does mRNA go in ?

A

Carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where protein is assembled, from amino acids

51
Q

Roughly , how many different amino acids are there ?

A

About 20

52
Q

How are the order of amino acids determined?

A

By the sequence of the base pairs in the gene

53
Q

What do enzymes do ?

A

Catalyse biological reactions

54
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Communication between different parts of the body.

55
Q

How are hormones released?

A

From endocrine glands and are transported in the blood to target cells

56
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

Part of the immune system. They are produced by white blood cells and can bind to specific bacteria and viruses

57
Q

What is the function of structural amino acids?

A

Forms supporting framework inside cells and forms structures e.g. collagen

58
Q

What are the function receptors?

A

Specific proteins found on cell membranes

59
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts, this means they speed up reactions, but do not get used up in the reaction

60
Q

What are enzymes made from ?

A

They are made from protein, which means they are building blocks of amino acids

61
Q

How do amino acids join together?

A

In a long chain, which folds to make a unique 3D shape

62
Q

What is the chemical called that enzymes act on?

A

Substrates

63
Q

What are the substances called that enzymes produce?

A

Products

64
Q

Why is the shape of an enzyme important?

A

Because it affects the type of reaction

65
Q

What is an active site ?

A

The part of an enzyme to Whitchurch one or more substrate molecules can attach

66
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

Because different enzymes have different shaped active sites

67
Q

What is a degradation reaction?

A

When enzymes speed up the brake down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

68
Q

Give examples of degradation reactions

A

Catalase speeding up the break down of hydrogen peroxide (HPCOW) or amylase speeding up the breakdown of starch into maltose

69
Q

What does hydrogen peroxide break down into with catalase?

A

Water + oxygen

70
Q

What are synthesis reactions

A

When enzymes catalase by joining together 2 substrates to form a product

71
Q

What is the dependant variable ?

A

The thing that is being measured

72
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The thing you are changing

Biology Nat5 (3 decks)

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