Unit 2

Question 1

cellular respiration:

Answer 1

transformation of chemical energy in the bonds of food into ATP (ie: glucose)

Question 2

what are the steps of cellular respiration in order:

Answer 2

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate oxidation
3. krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
4. electron transport chain

Question 3

what 2 ways can ATP be made:

Answer 3

1. substrate phosphorylation

2. chemiosmotic generation

Question 4

substrate phosphorylation:

Answer 4

-takes place in cytoplasm
-ADP picks up an inorganic phosphate from ATP
The energy required for this endergonic rxn is obtained by coupling w an exergonic rxn (in cytoplasm)

Question 5

chemiosmotic generation:

Answer 5

• requires a membrane (mitochondria)
• exited electrons cause a shale change in a trans membrane protein
• proteins pump out of these channels
• when protons leak back in, this is coupled w production of ATP from ADP
• protons peak down an electro chemical gradient

Question 6

when making ATP directly using an enzyme:

Answer 6

a phosphate is transferred from a high energy molecule to ADP (ADP + P = ATP)

Question 7

What method makes ATP indirectly?

Answer 7

oxidative phosphorylation. using redox, enzymes, protein, electron carriers

Question 8

electrons contain:

Answer 8

bond energy

Question 9

role of electron carriers:

Answer 9

pick up 2 electrons + hydrogens to become reduced
(NAD+ -> NADH)
(FAD+ -> FADH2)

Question 10

role of protein complexes:

Answer 10

NADH + FADH2 (has energy) deliver electrons to protein complexes in mitochondria
- proteins harness energy from moving electrons

Question 11

protein complexes eventually drive:

Answer 11

ATP synthase. (ADP + P —> ATP)

Question 12

glycolysis:

Answer 12

• glucoses activation

- anaerobic. no O needed

Question 13

process of glycolysis:

Answer 13

• energy investment & phosphates added to glucose
• 10 rxns in cytoplasm
• pyruvate created
• exothermic & catabolic process

Question 14

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 14

in cytoplasm

Question 15

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 15

matrix in mitochondria

Question 16

what happens in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 16

sugar is oxidized (gives up some energy)

• NAD+ —> NADH (takes energy)
• CoA attaches to acetate to produce Acetyl CoA

Question 17

when fcning anaerobically:

Answer 17

• pyruvate yeasts carry out ethanol

- ethanol and co2 through fermentation

Question 18

Lactic Acid fermentation:

Answer 18

La production > La use as exercise intensity increases

Question 19

Lactic acid threshold:

Answer 19

point at where increase begins (occurs at a higher rate after training)

Question 20

krebs cycle:

Answer 20

• cyclic metabolic pathway
• acetyl CoA is fed into pathway
• carbon atoms from glucose that entered glycolysis will be oxidized by the krebs cycle

Question 21

where does krebs occur?

Answer 21

in matrix of mitochondria

Question 22

krebs cycle contains:

Answer 22

02

Question 23

ETC:

Answer 23

a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors. (through redox and couples with the transfer of protons across a membrane)

Question 24

where does etc occur?

Answer 24

mitochondria

Question 25

photosynthesis:

Answer 25

stores energy in glucose

Question 26

photosynthesis is the…

Answer 26

opposite of cellular respiration. (makes own glucose for cellular respiration)

Question 27

chlorophyll:

Answer 27

Mg surrounded by NO2 and carbon chains in plants.

Question 28

plants receive …

Answer 28

a photon and take energy to convert it to co2 + h20 -> c6H1206 + 02

Question 29

cyanobacteria:

Answer 29

make up largest group of photosynthesis

Question 30

prokaryotes:

Answer 30

1st organisms to harness suns energy (uni cellular)

Question 31

eukaryotes:

Answer 31

autotrophs

-algae, protists, plants contain chlorophyll in photosynthetic membranes

Question 32

chloroplasts:

Answer 32

2 limiting membranes (outer and inner) like mitochondria

-liquid inside called stroma (matrix equivalent)

Question 33

goal of photosynthesis:

Answer 33

to convert light energy into chemical bonds of glucose w an endergonic rxn in 2 stages
- light dependent and independent rxns

Question 34

light dependent reactions …

Answer 34

light used to remove electrons from H20

• 02 is given off
• ATP and NADPH are made

Question 35

light independent reactions …

Answer 35

don’t need light
(dark or calvin cycle)
- C02 is fixed (reduced) to C6H12O6
- ATP + NADPH are utilized 
- produce O2 and covert ADP + NADPH to energy carriers

Question 36

more membranes =

Answer 36

more proteins and more work

Question 37

hydrogen is being lumped out between

Answer 37

photosystem 2 and 1

Question 38

2 hydrogens:

Answer 38

1 NAD+

1 for ATP

Question 39

photosystem 2:

Answer 39

is the 1st system in light dependent rxns

Question 40

photosystem 1:

Answer 40

the 2nd photosystem in the light rxns

Question 41

C4 fixation:

Answer 41

a photosynthetic process in plants.

- 1st step in extracting carbon from c02 to use it in sugar and other molecules

Question 42

CAM:

Answer 42

adaptive carbon fixation pathway.
- stomata opens and C02 diffuses into leaves
- acid is created
- acids r then broken down to diffuse C02
for calvin cycle
- this controlled release allows a high concentration amount of C02 around rubisco