exam review

Question 1

glycolysis

Answer 1

in cytoplasm

Question 2

pyruvate oxidation:

Answer 2

mitochondria

Question 3

krebs:

Answer 3

mitochondria matrix

Question 4

etc

Answer 4

mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 5

photosynthesis

Answer 5

turns light energy into chemical energy

Question 6

photosynthesis equation

Answer 6

6 co2 + 6H20 > C6H12O6 + 6O

Question 7

light rxns

Answer 7

• light removes e- from h20
• O2 given off
• ATP & NADPH produced

Question 8

dark rxns

Answer 8

• co2 reduces to C6H12O6
• ATP & NADPH used
• produce O2
• concert ADP & NADP+ to energy carriers

Question 9

dna replication

Answer 9

process where dna copies itself during cell division

Question 10

dna replication steps:

Answer 10

1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination

Question 11

initiation

Answer 11

• proteins bind
• helicase unwinds helix
• replication forks form

Question 12

elongation:

Answer 12

primer sequence added to RNA

Question 13

termination

Answer 13

-dna form stopped (physically by protein bind or termination site sequence)

Question 14

epigenetics:

Answer 14

tags that tell genes to turn in or off

Question 15

in epigenetics experiences…

Answer 15

cause epigenetics profiles of cell type to develop different. in the end, hundreds of cell types form with distinct identity

Question 16

pituitary hormones:

Answer 16

• growth hormones
• thyroid stimulating
• follicle stimulating
• oxytocin

Question 17

nervous system:

Answer 17

network of nerve cells and fibers to transmit nerve impulses between body parts

Question 18

autonomic nervous system:

Answer 18

supplies glans and muscles to influence fxn of internal organs

Question 19

motor nerve:

Answer 19

• central nervous system

- sends motor skills to muscles from spinal cord

Question 20

sympathetic nervous system:

Answer 20

preps body for intense physical activity

Question 21

parasympathetic

Answer 21

relaxes body / slows high energy fxns

Question 22

luteinizing hormone

Answer 22

produced by pituitary gland

-controls reproductive system

Question 23

progesterone:

Answer 23

released by corpus leteum in ovary

-plays role in mistrial cycle, pregnancy, embryogenesis

Question 24

cortisol:

Answer 24

steroid hormone. regulates metabolism & immune responses

Question 25

5 hormones

Answer 25

- estrogen - testosterone - growth hormone - melatonin - serotonin

Question 26

estrogen:

Answer 26

promotes development and maintenance of female body characteristics

Question 27

testosterone

Answer 27

stimulates development of male sexual characteristics (mainly produced in testes but also in ovaries)

Question 28

growth hormones

Answer 28

stimulates growth in animal or plant cell | -secreted in pituitary gland

Question 29

melatonin:

Answer 29

regulates sleep and wake cycles

Question 30

serotonin:

Answer 30

stabilizes mood, social behavior, appetite, memory

Question 31

negative feedback:

Answer 31

- occurs when end product in system regulates system that produced it - regulates back to original state

Question 32

positive feedback:

Answer 32

- when end product reinforces the change | - moves the system even further from steady state

Question 33

mrna

Answer 33

carries genetic info from DNA to RIBOSOME. specifies AA sequence

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

- first step in gene expression - copies a genes DNA sequence to make RNA molecule - attached to ribosome to code for proteins

Question 35

thermoregulation:

Answer 35

allows body to maintain internal temperature. - designed to return body to homeostasis (back to equilibrium) - stabilized by hypothalamus and endocrine production

Question 36

effector

Answer 36

muscle, gland, or organ capable of responding to a stimulus

Question 37

ex of effector

Answer 37

smooth muscles in esophagus for peristalsis

Question 38

kidney:

Answer 38

- filters blood / eliminates waste - balances electrolyte levels - controls blood pressure - stimulates production of red blood cells

Question 39

cerebrum:

Answer 39

largest part divided in to two hemispheres

Question 40

hypothalamus

Answer 40

releases hormones and regulates body temp

Question 41

pituitary gland:

Answer 41

stores hormones

Question 42

medulla:

Answer 42

controls responses

Question 43

stem:

Answer 43

connects spinal cord

Question 44

cerebellum

Answer 44

motor skills

Question 45

action potential

Answer 45

change in electrical potential w impulse on membrane of muscle or nerve cells

Question 46

translation

Answer 46

ribosomes synthesize proteins after process of transcription of DNA

Question 47

dehydration

Answer 47

links monomers together into polymers by releasing water

Question 48

hydration

Answer 48

breaks polymers into monomers using water