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Advanced Higher Biology > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

Organism & Evolution

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1
Q

All practical work involves identification of …………..

A

All practical work involves identification of risks and hazards.

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2
Q

Risk assessment

A

A document that identifies potential hazards, asses the likelihood of them occurring and describes the steps taken to minimize their occurrence, reducing the probability of injury or loss .

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3
Q

Hazards and risks associated with fieldwork

A
  • Terrain
  • Weather conditions
  • Isolation
  • Tidal Changes
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4
Q

Transect Studies

A

A line along which different samples can be taken. Often set up along an area where terrain or abiotic factors are changeable

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5
Q

Point count

A

Counts are carried out. useful for sampling bird populations

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6
Q

Remote Detection

A

uses camera traps that are triggered when wildlife is present. Useful for elusive species.

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7
Q

Scat sampling

A

sampling animal droppings providing information about abundance and diet.

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8
Q

Random sampling

A

Individuals selected from the larger population must be chosen completely by chance.

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9
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Individuals are randomly selected form sub-groups within a population.

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10
Q

Systematic intervals

A

Samples are taken at regular/pre-set intervals

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11
Q

Identification of a sample can be made using:

A
  • expertise
  • classification guides
  • keys
  • laboratory analysis of DNA
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12
Q

Life is classified into 3 domains:

A
  • Archea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukaryotes
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13
Q

Monitoring populations is essential in understanding………….

A

Monitoring populations is essential in understanding environmental conditions

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14
Q

________ ______ _________ is a method used to estimate population size

A

Mark and recapture is a method used to estimate population size.

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15
Q

The Marking technique in mark and re-capture must have a minimal impact on the species being studied so that…………

A

The Marking technique in mark and re-capture must have a minimal impact on the species being studied so that it does not interfere with its normal behaviour or make it more conspicuous to predators.

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16
Q

Methods of marking in mark and recapture include:

A
  • hair clipping
  • banding
  • tagging
  • painting
  • surgical implantation
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17
Q

Ethology

A

Study of animal behaviour

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18
Q

An ________ is a study of all the observed behaviours shown by a species over a period of time.

A

An ethogram is a study of all the observed behaviours shown by a species over a period of time.

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19
Q

Evolution-

A

the change, over successive generations, in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits.

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20
Q

Evolution can occur through:

A
  • Genetic Drift
  • Natural selection
  • Sexual Selection
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21
Q

Genetic drift is __________ whereas Natural selection and sexual selection is _____________

A

genetic drift is random whereas natural selection and sexual selection is non-random.

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22
Q

Genetic drift-

A

Random change in how frequently a particular allele appears in a particular population.

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23
Q

Natural selection and sexual selection are non-random because…………..

A

Natural selection and sexual selection are non-random because certain alleles offer a selective advantage.

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24
Q

Fitness can be measured in……………….

A

Fitness can be measured in absolute or relative terms.

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25
Q

Absolute fitness-

A

ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next.

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26
Q

Relative fitness

A

The ratio of surviving offspring of the genotype compared to other genotypes.

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27
Q

When selection pressures are high, the rate of ___________ can be rapid.

A

When selection pressures are high, the rate of evolution can be rapid.

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28
Q
  • Shorter generation times
  • Warmer enviroments
  • sharing DNA sequences
A

increase rate of evolution

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29
Q

Co-evolution

A

where a change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on another species with which it frequently interacts.

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30
Q

Symbiosis

A

An inter-relationship between different species whereby at least one organism benefits.

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31
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

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32
Q

Parasitic relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship where one species is harmed

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33
Q

commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one benefits and one neither benefits or is harmed.

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34
Q

When compared to assexual reproduction, sexual reproduction appears to have 2 main disadvantages:

A
  • Half of the population (males) are unable to produce offspring
  • Each parent is only able to pass on half of their genetic material rather than the full 100%
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35
Q

advantages to sexual reproduction

A

greater genetic variation within sexually reproducing organisms

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36
Q

when niches are narrow and stable, ___________ __________ can be a successful reproductive strategy.

A

when niches are narrow and stable,assexual and stable can be a successful reproductive strategy.

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37
Q

_____________ reproduction is usually faster when recolonising habitats as it is usually faster.

A

assexual reproduction is usually faster when recolonising habitats as it is usually faster.

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38
Q

Examples of assexual reproduction in eukaryotes:

A
  • Vegetative propogation/ cloning

- parthenogenesis

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39
Q

Meiosis is the process by which……….

A

Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced in the reproductive organs. One diploid mother cell provides 4 haploid daughter sex cells.

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40
Q

______________ has 2 divisions and results in variable gametes.

A

Meiosis has 2 divisions and results in variable gametes.

41
Q

Genes on the same chromosome are said to be _________

A

Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

42
Q

separating linked genes during crossing over creates……………

A

separating linked genes during crossing over creates recombinants

43
Q

many organisms, usually invertebrates, are……….

A

many organisms, usually invertebrates, are hermaphroditic (an organism with both male and female sexual organs)

44
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodites have………….

A

simultaneous hermaphrodites have both reproductive organs

45
Q

sequential hermaphrodites can…………

A

sequential hermaphrodites can change gender at some point during their life.

46
Q

sometimes sex determination is under _________ rather than _________ control

A

sometimes sex determination is under environmental rather than genetic control

47
Q

sex can change as a result of…………..

A

sex can change as a result of size competition or parasitic infection

48
Q

autosome-

A

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

49
Q

In mammals, males tend to be heterogametic. This means that sex linked traits are more common in males than in females.

A

In mammals, males tend to be heterogametic. This means that sex linked traits are more common in males than in females.

50
Q

females can be carriers of a recessive sex linked train yet show no _____________ effects. The reason for this is that

A

females can be carriers of a recessive sex linked train yet show no deleterious effects. The reason for this is that one x chromosome in each cell in randomly deactivated.

51
Q

lekking

A

males display for females in a communal display area, then females choose a mate.

52
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

physical differences between males and females of a species

53
Q

polygamy-

A

usually where one male has access to mate with several females

54
Q

monogamy-

A

where species from breeding pairs, this one male to one female

55
Q

K-selected species

A

larger organisms, lower numbers of offspring, extensive parental care, longer life span.

56
Q

R-selected species

A

smaller organisms, larger number of offspring, little to no parental care, shorter lifespans.

57
Q

all species, produce………..

A

all species produce more offspring than survive to reproduce

58
Q

external fertillisation

A

fusion of gametes occurs outside the female

59
Q

Internal fertillisation

A

fusion of gametes occurs inside the female

60
Q

sessile organisms

A

fixed to a surface and therefore cannot move

61
Q

__________ are always more numerous than eggs

A

sperm are always more numerous than eggs

62
Q

due to the presence of an energy store, _____ are much larger and fewer in number.

A

due to the presence of an energy store, eggs are much larger and fewer in number.

63
Q

At least 5% of all species are classed as _____________

A

At least 5% of all species are classed as parasites

64
Q

all free living species are thought to………….

A

all free living species are thought to host parasites to some extent.

65
Q

an ecological niche is………….

A

an ecological niche is a complex outline of tolerances and requirements of a species.

66
Q

parasites tend to have a very narrow niche due to……………..

A

parasites tend to have a very narrow niche due to high host specificity.

67
Q

many parasites are ___________ (lacking in structures and organs found in other organisms)

A

many parasites are degenerate (lacking in structures and organs found in other organisms)

68
Q

ectoparasite

A

niche on the surface of the host

69
Q

endoparasite

A

niche inside the host

70
Q

definitive (primary) parasite host

A

this is where the parasite reaches sexual maturity

71
Q

intermediate (secondary) parasite host

A

the parasite might require this in order to complete its lifecycle, perhaps carrying out assexual reproduction to greatly increase its numbers or as a means of transmission (spread), thus making the intermediate host a vector

72
Q

vectors are responsible for-

A

vectors are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another. Vectors can also be hosts of a parasite.

73
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the niche that the organism occupies when there are no other species present competing for space or resources

74
Q

realised niche

A

niche the organism occupies when there is competition from other species.

75
Q

competitive exclusion princilple

A

when 2 species are in competition with each other, thus the niches occupied by each is very similar and the weaker of the 2 species will likely die out.

76
Q

Resource partioning

A

where 2 species occupy different realised niches, allowing them to co-exist by compromising over resources.

77
Q

virulence

A

the deleterious effect the parasite has on a host.

78
Q

The _______ the transmission rate, the _____________ the virulence.

A

The higher the transmission rate, the higher the virulence.

79
Q

transmission rates of parasites are greatest when:

A
  • overcrowding of hosts

- a means of transmission

80
Q

extended phenotype

A

a theory whereby the parasite modifies the host organisms behaviour to increase its own transmission

81
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cell in specific defence involved in engulfing and destroying foreign antigens.

82
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes responsible for killing abnormal cells.

83
Q

phagocytosis

A

non-specific defence where phagocytes engulf foreign antigens and digest them using digestive enzymes present in lysomes

84
Q

B cells

A

white blood cells (lymphocytes) that produce specific anti-bodies in response to specific antigens.

85
Q

T cells

A

white blood cells (lymphocytes) that destroy specific infected or damaged cells by bring about apoptosis

86
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death

87
Q

antigens

A

proteins found on the surface of cells

88
Q

clonal selection

A

lymphocytes become amplified, with some clones used in immediate defence and other clones acting as memory cells.

89
Q

memory cells

A

cloned lymphocytes that remain in the body to respond faster if the individual is exposed to the antigen a second time.

90
Q

antigenetic variation

A

where parasites show great variety amongst different different strains

91
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.

92
Q

herd immunity

A

protection offered to non-immune members of a population by sufficient numbers of immune individuals.

93
Q

herd immunity threshold

A

density of resistant individuals required in the population to prevent an epidemic.

94
Q

ectoparasites are transmitted by …………….

A

ectoparasites are transmitted by direct contact

95
Q

endoparasites of the body cavities are transmitted via

A

endoparasites of the body cavities are transmitted via vectors

96
Q

viruses are composed of………..

A

viruses are composed of nucleic acid enclosed inside a protein coat.

97
Q

the outer surface of a virus contains _______ that a host may or may not be able to detect as foreign.

A

the outer surface of a virus contains antigens that a host may or may not be able to detect as foreign.

98
Q

retroviruses are virus that contain ___ instead of ____. HIV is an example of a retrovirus.

A

retroviruses are virus that contain RNA instead of DNA. HIV is an example of a retrovirus.

99
Q

rapid parasite __________ change makes designing vaccines very difficult.

A

rapid parasite antigen change makes designing vaccines very difficult.

Advanced Higher Biology (3 decks)

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