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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The concentration of a pigmented compound can be quantities by a ______________________________

A

The concentration of a pigmented compound can be quantities by a colorimeter.

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2
Q

A colorimeter measures the ________________ of specific wavelengths of light by a solution

A

A colorimeter measures the Absorbance of specific wavelengths of light by a solution

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3
Q

A __ ________is a solution whose pH changes very little when a small amount of acid or base is added to it.

A

A pH buffer is a solution whose pH changes very little when a small amount of acid or base is added to it.

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4
Q

Centrifugation allows substances to be separated according to their……

A

Centrifugation allows substances to be separated according to their size and density.

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5
Q

gel electrophoresis separates proteins based upon their ________ ___________ ______________. Protein electrophoresis uses current flowing through a buffer to separate proteins.

A

gel electrophoresis separates proteins based upon their charge, size or shape. Protein electrophoresis uses current flowing through a buffer to separate proteins.

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6
Q

Proteins can be separated using their pH. At their iso-electric point, they have an overall ________ charge and _________________________ out of solution.

A

Proteins can be separated using their pH. At their iso-electric point, they have an overall neutral charge and precipitate out of solution.

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7
Q

Immunoassay

A

techniques which use antibodies linked to reporter enzymes to cause a colour change in the presence of a specific antigen

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8
Q

Aseptic technique aims to keep cell culture free from contamination by ……………; examples include……………………………

A

Aseptic technique aims to keep cell culture free from contamination by microorganisms such as bacteria; examples include sterilisation of equipment, containers and materials, disinfection of the working area and wearing a lab coat.

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9
Q

Complex culture media containing growth factors from __________ is required for animal cell culture.

A

Complex culture media containing growth factors from serum is required for animal cell culture.

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10
Q

Culture media contain _______________________ of the cells.

A

Culture media contain requirements of the cells.

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11
Q

Primary cell lines have a limited lifetime compared to __________ cell lines which will grow and divide indefinitely in cell culture.

A

Primary cell lines have a limited lifetime compared to cancer cell lines which will grow and divide indefinitely in cell culture.

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12
Q

Trypan blue dye is absorbed by__________________________

A

Trypan blue dye is absorbed by dead cells

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13
Q

Flow cytometry allows scientists to detect, count and analyse cells one by one as they flow past a _______________ in solution

A

Flow cytometry allows scientists to detect, count and analyse cells one by one as they flow past a detector in solution

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14
Q

A haemocytometer allows………………..

A

A haemocytometer allows cell counts.

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15
Q

Fluorescence microscopy allows particular protein structures to be ______________________.

A

Fluorescence microscopy allows particular protein structures to be visualised.

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16
Q

Bright field microscopy uses light that is transmitted through a specimen to an objective lens and then to the eyepiece at the top of the microscope where the image is observed.

A

Bright field microscopy uses light that is transmitted through a specimen to an objective lens and then to the eyepiece at the top of the microscope where the image is observed.

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17
Q

To produce stocks of a particular antibody, hybridomas are formed by ____________ of a B lymphocyte with a _______________ cell using polyethylene glycol (PEG).

A

To produce stocks of a particular antibody, hybridomas are formed by fusion of a B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell using polyethylene glycol (PEG).

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18
Q

The genome is……………

A

The genome is all of the hereditary information encoded in DNA.

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19
Q

The proteome is…….

A

The proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.

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20
Q

The proteome is larger than the genome due to………

A

The proteome is larger than the genome due to alternative splicing and post-translational modification.

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21
Q

The collection of all RNA molecules produced by a genome is known as the……………

A

The collection of all RNA molecules produced by a genome is known as the transcriptome.

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22
Q

Microarray analysis allows the transcriptome to be ______________.

A

Microarray analysis allows the transcriptome to be analysed.

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23
Q

Proteonomics-

A

The study of proteins

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24
Q

All amino acids have a central carbon with four groups attached (…………………………………).

A

All amino acids have a central carbon with four groups attached (an amine (NH2), a carboxylic acid (COOH), a hydrogen and a variable R group).

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25
Q

Negatively charged amino acids are hydro…………… and the key component is…………..

A

Negatively charged amino acids are hydrophilic and the key component is a carboxylic acid group.

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26
Q

Positively charged amino acids are …………….. and its main component is an …………… group.

A

Positively charged amino acids are hydrophilic and its main component is an amine group.

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27
Q

Polar amino acids are ____________

A

Polar amino acids are hydrophilic

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28
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids are _________________ with their key component of their R- group is a ______________ group.

A

Hydrophobic amino acids are non-polar with their key component of their R- group is a hydrocarbon group.

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29
Q

Protein primary structure

A

The primary sequence is the order in which the amino acids are synthesised into the polypeptide.

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30
Q

Protein secondary structure

A

The secondary structure of a protein is stabilised by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the same chain. α-helix is one type of secondary structure. It is a spiral with the R groups sticking outwards. Another type of secondary structure is β-sheet. β-sheet has parts of the chain running alongside each other, forming a sheet. The R groups sit above and below the sheet.

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31
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

Tertiary structure refers to the overall folding of the polypeptide and its final shape. Folding at this level is stabilised by many different interactions between the R groups of the amino acids.

32
Q

Quaternary structure protein

A

Quaternary structure exists in proteins with several connected polypeptide subunits which are linked by bonds between the R groups of the polypeptide chains.

33
Q

Integral proteins

A

Integral proteins are held firmly in place within the membrane. They are held in place by strong hydrophobic interactions with the lipid tails.

34
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Peripheral proteins are only loosely associated with the plasma membrane

35
Q

Ligand

A

Substance that can bind to a protein causing a conformational change

36
Q

An allosteric enzyme is one which changes __________________ upon binding a modulator. In allosteric enzymes, modulators bind at ______________ binding sites, known as allosteric sites.

A

An allosteric enzyme is one which changes conformation upon binding a modulator. In allosteric enzymes, modulators bind at secondary binding sites, known as allosteric sites.

37
Q

Some proteins with quaternary structure show ______________________ in which changes in binding at one subunit alter the affinity of the remaining subunits.

A

Some proteins with quaternary structure show cooperativity in which changes in binding at one subunit alter the affinity of the remaining subunits.

38
Q

Phosphorylation of proteins is a form of

A

Phosphorylation of proteins is a form of post-translational modification.

39
Q

________________ is often responsible for phosphorylation of other proteins and phosphatase catalyses dephosphorylation.

A

Kinase is often responsible for phosphorylation of other proteins and phosphatase catalyses dephosphorylation.

40
Q

______________ use ATP for their phosphorylation.

A

ATPases use ATP for their phosphorylation.

41
Q

Channel proteins allow molecules to move from one side of the membrane to the other without using energy (…………………………….)

A

Channel proteins allow molecules to move from one side of the membrane to the other without using energy (Passive transport)

42
Q

Aquaporin

A

Water channel

43
Q

Some channel proteins are ___________ and change conformation to allow or prevent diffusion. Gated channels respond to a stimulus which causes them to open or close. The stimulus may be chemical (________-gated) or electrical (_____________-gated).

A

Some channel proteins are gated and change conformation to allow or prevent diffusion. Gated channels respond to a stimulus which causes them to open or close. The stimulus may be chemical (ligand-gated) or electrical (voltage-gated).

44
Q

Voltage gated channels are controlled by changes in ______ concentrations

A

Voltage gated channels are controlled by changes in ion concentration

45
Q

Facilitated transport is a passive process, meaning that it does not require energy. It differs from passive transport through channel proteins in that facilitated transport involves a ___________________ change in the protein.

A

Facilitated transport is a passive process, meaning that it does not require energy. It differs from passive transport through channel proteins in that facilitated transport involves a conformational change in the protein. Glucose moves across the membrane by facilitated transport.

46
Q

Receptor proteins convert an extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response through a ___________ ______________ pathway.

A

Receptor proteins convert an extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response through a signal transduction pathway.

47
Q

G-protein

A

proteins which act as molecular switches - they allow signals from outside the cell to be transmitted inside

48
Q

Signal transduction may result in a change in the ____________ _______________ of a molecule.

A

Signal transduction may result in a change in the uptake or secretion of a molecule.

49
Q

Na/K pump pumps what out and what in?

A

Sodium out

Potassium in

50
Q

Functions of the sodium potassium pump

A
  • maintaining the osmotic balance in animal cells;
  • generation of the ion gradient for glucose symport in small intestine;
  • generation and long-term maintenance of ion gradient for resting potential in neurons;
  • generation of ion gradient in kidney tubules.
51
Q

Membrane potential

A

electrical potential difference (Voltage) across their plasma membrane

52
Q

Nerve transmission is a wave of ___________________ of the resting potential of a neuron.

A

Nerve transmission is a wave of depolarisation of the resting potential of a neuron.

53
Q

Depolarisation

A

an electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential

54
Q

Photoreceptor proteins

A

Light sensitive proteins that are capable of sensing and responding to light.

55
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin is a photoreceptor protein used by ______________________________

A

Bacteriorhodopsin is a photoreceptor protein used by archaea.

56
Q

___________________________ molecules generate potential differences by absorbing light to pump protons across the membrane.

A

Bacteriorhodopsin molecules generate potential differences by absorbing light to pump protons across the membrane.

57
Q

Retinal

A

Light sensitive molecule

58
Q

Plants use the photosynthetic pigment _________________ to convert light energy into chemical energy.

A

Plants use the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy.

59
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

a membrane-bound compartment found in chloroplasts, containing photosynthetic pigments

60
Q

When a molecule of __________________ absorbs light, one of its electrons is boosted to a higher energy level. The electron then passes along a series of protein carriers. Hydrogen ions are then pumped across the ____________ membrane. The hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase, resulting in the production of ATP.

A

When a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs light, one of its electrons is boosted to a higher energy level. The electron then passes along a series of protein carriers. Hydrogen ions are then pumped across the thylakoid membrane. The hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase, resulting in the production of ATP.

61
Q

Rod cells are…….

A

Rod cells are sensitive to changes in light intensity and are particularly useful for vision in areas of low light intensity

62
Q

Cone cells are……………..

A

Cone cells are not as sensitive to light as rod cells; however, they are particularly sensitive to specific colours (wavelengths) of light

63
Q

Opsin

A

A photoreceptor molecule found in the animal kingdom

64
Q

Opsin and retinal make up………..

A

Opsin and retinal make up rhodopsin

65
Q

Multicellular organisms achieve coordination of communication by………

A

Multicellular organisms achieve coordination of communication by means of extracellular signalling molecules, receptors and responses

66
Q

Hydrophobic signals can pass through _________________ so their receptor molecules can be within the nucleus. They are able to do this because the tails of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are also hydrophobic and allow the molecules to pass across.

A

Hydrophobic signals can pass through membranes so their receptor molecules can be within the nucleus. They are able to do this because the tails of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane are also hydrophobic and allow the molecules to pass across.

67
Q

Hydrophilic signals require………………..

A

Hydrophilic signals require receptor molecules to be at the surface of the cell because they are not capable of passing across the hydrophobic plasma membrane.

68
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by a…………, whereas type 2 diabetes is caused by………………..

A

Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin production, whereas type 2 diabetes is caused by loss of insulin receptor function.

69
Q

The eukaryotic cell is a __________-dimensional structure.

A

The eukaryotic cell is a three-dimensional structure.

70
Q

___________________ are the smallest filaments of the cytoskeleton and include the protein actin.

A

Microfilaments are the smallest filaments of the cytoskeleton and include the protein actin.

71
Q

___________________ filaments are slightly larger than microfilaments and have a similar role in maintaining cell shape

A

intermediate filaments are slightly larger than microfilaments and have a similar role in maintaining cell shape

72
Q

___________________ are hollow, straight cylinders composed of globular proteins called tubulins. The microtubule itself is made up of alternating dimers of α and β tubulin. __________________ govern the location and movement of membrane-bound organelles and other cell components.

A

Microtubules are hollow, straight cylinders composed of globular proteins called tubulins. The microtubule itself is made up of alternating dimers of α and β tubulin. Microtubules govern the location and movement of membrane-bound organelles and other cell components.

73
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled/programmed cell death

74
Q

Necrosis

A

Unplanned/ uncontrolled cell death

75
Q

Proteinase

A

An enzyme that breaks down a protein by hydrolysis

76
Q

Capase

A

Proteinase which destroys a cell

Advanced Higher Biology (3 decks)

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