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CVP > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What would you expect to happen to the flow when pressure increases in a vessel?

A

Flow would increase in a linear fashion, but not within a certain range.

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2
Q

Why does the flow not increase within a certain range when pressure increases? What is this called?

A

Tissues adjust their resistance to maintain normal blood flow.

Autoregulation

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3
Q

Vascular compliance equation

A

C = Delta V / Delta P

Change in volume / Change in transmural pressure

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4
Q

Amount the volume of a vessel changes in response to pressure

A

Vascular compliance

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5
Q

Term referring to the elasticity of a vessel without consideration of volume changes

A

Distensibility

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6
Q

Veins are _______ times more compliant that arteries

A

20 times

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7
Q

Why are veins more compliant than arteries

A

They have a greater elasticity

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8
Q

What causes vasoconstriction in many blood vessels

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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9
Q

Symnpathetic inhibition causes

A

Less pressure

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10
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes

A

Higher pressure

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11
Q

True/False:

There are no parasympathetic nerves supplying the blood vessels

A

True

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12
Q

After volume increases and pressure increases, what then happens?
What is this called?

A

Pressure somewhat decreases as the walls stretch to accommodate the extra volume

Called Delayed compliance

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13
Q

2 factors that affect the pulse pressure

A

Stroke volume output

Compliance of the arterial tree

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14
Q

Pulse pressure contours:

A

Upstroke (due to systole)

Incisors (due to aortic valve closure)

Diastolic decline

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15
Q

Abnormal pressure pulse contours

A

Arteriosclerosis

Aortic stenosis

Patent ductus arteriosus

Aortic regurgitation

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16
Q

Opening in the aorta

A

Aortic stenosis

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17
Q

Hardening of the arteries, causing them to not expand

A

Arteriorsclerosis

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18
Q

Increase in systolic pressure but not much change in diastolic pressure.

A

Arteriorsclerosis

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19
Q

Aortic valve does not close so blood keeps backing up into the ventricle

A

Aortic regurgitation

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20
Q

The rising pressure in the aorta causes:

A

A wave of blood flow through the arterial tree

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21
Q

Progressive loss of pulsations upon entering the small arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries

A

Damping

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22
Q

Damping is directly proportional to:

A

Resistance and compliance

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23
Q

Pressure in the right atrium because all systemic veins flow into the right atrium

A

Central venous pressure

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24
Q

Central venous pressure is regulated by :

A

A balance between the ability of the right side of the heard to pump blood into the lungs, and the tendency for blood to flow into the right atrium

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25
Q

Factors that increase venous return (3)

A

Increased blood volume
Increased large venous tone
Dilation of arterioles

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26
Q

Smooth muscles constricting veins, increasing venous return rate

A

Increasing venous tone

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27
Q

Normal right atrial pressure

A

0 mm Hg

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28
Q

Abnormally high right atrial pressure

A

Up to 20-30 mm Hg

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29
Q

What causes abnormally high right atrial pressure

A

Severe heart failure

Excessive blood transfusion

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30
Q

Abnormally low right atrial pressure

A

-3 to -5 mm Hg

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31
Q

What causes abnormally low right atrial pressure

A

Heart pumping vigorously

Severe hemorrhage

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32
Q

Large veins with little resistance in general (with an exception) due to

A

Peripheral venous pressure

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33
Q

Exception of peripheral venous pressure

A

Vein compression points

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34
Q

Effect of right atrial pressure on peripheral venous pressure:

A

Increase causes blood back up and increase in peripheral venous pressure

Significant increases only seen in CHF (congestive heart failure)

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35
Q

Pressure collapse in the neck is typically caused by

A

Atmospheric pressure

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36
Q

Effect of intra-abdominal pressure when increased

A

Venous pressure increases in the legs

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37
Q

Intracellular-abdominal pressure may increase due to:

A

Pregnancy

Abdominal tumors

Ascites (excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity)

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38
Q

Effect of gravitational pressure

A

Venous pressure above the heart is less that 0 mm Hg

Venous pressure below the heart is greater than 0 mm Hg

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39
Q

Pressure on body at
Head

Abdomen

Feet

A

Head- -10 mm Hg

Abdomen- +22 mm Hg

Feet- +90 mm Hg

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40
Q

Valves ensure:

A

One-way movement of blood

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41
Q

Extremity muscles contraction “massages” blood up toward the heard

A

Muscle pump

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42
Q

Breathing action that massages blood toward the heart

A

Thoracic pump

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43
Q

Venous valve incompetence causes:

A

Varicose veins in the legs

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44
Q

Ability to allow vessels to store blood

A

Blood reservoir

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45
Q

Principle reservoirs

A 
Large abdominal veins
Spleen 
Liver
Subcutaneous venous plexus
Heart
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46
Q

Microscopic circulation that occurs at the level of the tissues (capillary bed)

A

Microcirculation

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47
Q

Purpose of microcirculation

A

To transport nutrients to the tissues and remove cellular waste

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48
Q

Structures in a capillary bed structure (5)

A

Arteriole
Met arterioles and precapillary sphincters
True capillaries
Preferential (thoroughfare, bypass) channels
Venues

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49
Q

Vessels without any smooth muscles present

A

True capillaries

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50
Q

Last consctrictor before reaching the true capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincters

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51
Q

Contraction and dilation of the metarterioles and precapillary sphincters

A

Vasomotion

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52
Q

Regulation of vasomotion by local tissue conditions (mainly O2)

A

Autoregulation

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53
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

About 100 mmHg

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54
Q

What type of of velocity of blood flow is in the arteries

A

High

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55
Q

Arteries are (THIN/THICK) walled, with a diameter range of:

A

Thick

Diameter range- 0.1 mm - 25 mm

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56
Q

Arteries consist of:

A 
Endothelium
Elastic tissue (lots of)
Smooth muscle (lots of)
Fibrous tissue
Collagen (lots of)
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57
Q

Arterioles consist of:

A

Small endothelium

Smooth muscle

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58
Q

Capillaries consist of

A

Endothelium only

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59
Q

Venules consist of

A

Endothelium and fibrous tissue

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60
Q

Veins consist of

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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61
Q

What controls flow into capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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62
Q

Arterioles are the most important determinant of:

A

Peripheral resistance

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63
Q

Arterioles are ____ walled relative to diameter

A

Thick

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64
Q

Arterioles can change:

A

Diameter

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65
Q

Function of capillaries

A

To exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, etc. to tissue cells

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66
Q

Venules and veins have (LOW/HIGH) pressure

A

Low

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67
Q

Venules and veins have _____ walls that are:

A

Thin

Dispensable

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68
Q

Valve ensure:

A

One way flow

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69
Q

What changes venous volume? Why is this important

A 
Capillary inflow 
Venous tone (smooth muscle)

Important for venous return

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70
Q

Where is most of the blood volume located?

A

In the venous system

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71
Q

Veins, venules and venous sinuses are considered to be the:

A

Blood reservoir

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72
Q

Sum of the individual cross sectional areas of each blood vessel category

A

Total cross sectional area

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73
Q

What has the largest combined cross sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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74
Q

As total cross sectional area increases, what happens to blood flow velocity?

A

It decreases

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75
Q

Pressure in the arteries is:

A

High

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76
Q

Average pressure in the capillaries

A

About 17 mm Hg

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77
Q

Pressures in the venous system is:

A

Low

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78
Q

Ohm’s law

A

Q = Delta P / R

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79
Q

Volume of blood that passes a given point per unit of time

A

Blood flow (Q)

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80
Q

Cardiac output (CO) :

A

Q for entire systemic circulation

Is typically about 5 L/min

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81
Q

Flow in layers that is generally quiet

A

Laminar flow

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82
Q

Laminar has a ______ shape of velocities

A

“Parabolic”

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83
Q

Flow where layers are disrupted by some partial obstruction, or excessive velocity. It is noisy

A

Turbulent

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84
Q

Carotid Bruit:

A

Artherosclerotic plaques partially occulting an artery. Causes a turbulent flow

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85
Q

In measuring blood, _____ sounds are created by pulsatilla blood flow through the compressed artery.

Cuff pressure at this time is approx

A

Korotkoff

80-120 mm Hg

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86
Q

Approx cuff pressure (in measuring BP) when the cuff is silent and the artery is no longer compressed

A

Less than 80

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87
Q

Reynold’s number equation

A

Re = (VDP)/viscosity

V= mean velocity of blood flow

D: Vessel diameter

P = density

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88
Q

Poiseulle’s Law

A

Can be constructed substituting R in the basic flow equation with the variables in the resistance equation.

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89
Q

Equation for Poiseuille’s

A

Q = (delta P * Pi * r^4)/(8 * mue* l)

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90
Q

Series resistance

A

The total resistance of vessels in series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3…..

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91
Q

Aortic pressure is (HIGHER/LOWER) than left ventricular pressure

A

About the same, if not a little higher

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92
Q

Between aorta and left ventricle, which has a larger pressure increase?

A

left ventricle (goes from 0 to 120ish)

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93
Q

Amount of pressure in the left atrium

A

little to none.

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94
Q

For blood vessels arranged in parallel, more vessels means:

A

more avenues for blood flow and reduces resistance

1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3……

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95
Q

Reciprocal of resistance =

A

conductance

96
Q

Ratio of volume of RBC to the total blood volume

A

hematocrit (HCT)

97
Q

How is the HCT usually checked?

A

centrifution

98
Q

What does the centrifuge separate, top to bottom?

A

Plasma
WBC and platelets
RBC

99
Q

Normal HCT for males?

Females?

A

Male: 42-52%
Female: 37-47%

100
Q

Possible causes of increased HCT

A

Erythrocytosis (increased due to illness or an external situation)
Polycythemia (bone marrow disorder)
Severe dehydration

101
Q

Possible causes of decreased HCT

A

Anemia
Renal disease (decreased EPO)
Leukemia
Overhydration

102
Q

What causes delayed compliance to happen?

A

This is due to the stretch-relaxation response of the smooth muscle cells.

103
Q

Capillary wall types (3)

A

Continuous
fenestrated
Discontinuous/Sinusoidal

104
Q

Continuous walled capillaries have:

They are found in:

A

Continuous endothelial layer and basement membrane

Found in muscle, nervous tissue, heart, lung, and skin

105
Q

Fenesterated capillaries have:

They are found in:

A

continuous basement membranes but fenestrations in the endothelial layer. They are highly permeable

Found in intestinal vili, chordi plexus, glomeruli, and endocrine

106
Q

Discontinuous/sinusodial capillaries have:

A

a larger diameter
incomplete basement membrane and larger gaps in the endothelial layer

found in liver, bone marrow, spleen

107
Q

Types of movement through capillary walls

A 
Intercellular clefts (slit-pores)
Transcytosis (plasmalemmal vesicles, caveolae, vesicular channels)
Fenestrae (permanent pores through the membrane)
108
Q

Capillary characteristics of the brain

A

continuous capillaries with tight junctions that only allow small molecules to pass (water, oxygen, CO2)

109
Q

Capillary characteristics of the liver

A

Discontinuous capillaries with wide intercellular clefts that allow all dissolved substances including plasma proteins to pass through.

110
Q

Capillary characteristics of the GI tract

A

Fenestrea that allow absorption through the capillary wall

111
Q

Capillary characteristics of glomerulus (kidney)

A

Numerous fenestrae to allow large amounts of filtration

112
Q

How can lipid soluble substances pass through the capillary membrane

A

they diffuse directly through the membrane

113
Q

size of capillary pores

A

about 6-7 nm in diameter- too small for most plasma proteins or blood cells to pass through

114
Q

components of the interstitium

A

collagen fiber bundles
proteoglycan filaments
interstitial fluid
These form a gel

115
Q

Interstitial fluid is derived by:

A

filtration and diffusion from the capillaries

116
Q

most interstitial fluid is trapped:

A

in the gel, but some “free” fluid is found in the interstitium

117
Q

Composition

A

the same as plasma but with less protein

118
Q

Starling’s forces, AKA

A

bulk flow

ultrafiltration

119
Q

4 different forces that determine movement of fluid between the capillary and the interstitium

IMPORTANT

A

Capillary pressure (Pc)
Interstitial fluid (Pif)
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (PIp)
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (PIif)

120
Q

Increased pressure (hydrostatic) forces causing movement out of the capillary

A

Capillary pressure (Pc)

121
Q

Negative pressure inwardly directing force, pushing movement into the capillary

A

Interstitial fluid (Pif)

122
Q

Pressure caused by water coming in. Due to colloids (protein and fluids) being permiable to water. Pulls movement inward

A

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (PIp)

123
Q

Colloid in extracellular fluid causing water to leave, so pressure is pulled outward

A

Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (PIif)

124
Q

The actual direction of fluid movement in a capillary is:

A

the summative effects of all 4 forces

125
Q

Capillary End where there is net filtration

A

Arterial end

126
Q

Capillary End where there is net reabsorption

A

Venous end

127
Q

Which force is greater at the arterial end?

A

Outward force

128
Q

Which force is greater at the venous end?

A

Inward force

129
Q

An accessory route for the return of fluid and protein from the interstitial space to the blood.

A

Lymphatic system

130
Q

Lymphatic structures (6)

A 
Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Cisterna Chyli 
Thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
131
Q

Amount of fluid that leaves the blood capillaries that enters the lymph capillaries

A

1/10

132
Q

Lymph capillaries are _____ ended. They are lined with:

Along with lymph channels, there are:

A

Blind

Lined with endothelial cells that overlap to form simple valve-like structures

valves

133
Q

Lymph flow increases in the:

A

interstitial pressure

134
Q

Factors that increase Pif for lymph flow.

These factors may lead to _____ if flow can’t keep up with____

A

Elevated capillary pressure
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
Increased permeability of the capillaries

May lead to edema if flow can’t keep up with lymph formation

135
Q

What can facilitate lymph flow? What are some sources?

A

compression

Sources: 
Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
Movement of body parts
Pulsation of adjacent arteries
Compression forces from outside the body
136
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system (5)

A

Works as an “overflow” system for capillaries

Controls concentration of protein in the IF

Controls volume of the IF

Controls the Pif (keeps it negative in most tissues)

Immune function

137
Q

Tissues need:(6)

A 
Oxygen 
Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
CO2 removal
Acid removal
Electrolyte balance
Hormone delivery
138
Q

Blood flow can be redistributed by altering the:

A

arterial resistance

139
Q

Blood is diverted from:

A

high to low resistance arterioles

140
Q

Blood flow rate is just enough to supply:

Unless:

A

oxygen and nutrients a tissue needs

unless the tissue functions as a blood conditioner

141
Q

Mechanisms of blood flow control

A

Short term (acute, metabolic)/ Autoregulation

Long term

142
Q

Short term control / autoregulation

A

rapid changes of blood flow over seconds to minutes using vasomotion

143
Q

Long term control

A

Slow changes of blood flow over days, weeks, or months by changing the number of capillaries in a tissue

144
Q

Short term: as blood flow increases, what happens to metabolism rate?

A

it increases

145
Q

Short term: as blood flow increases, what happens to arterial oxygen saturation?

A

It increases

146
Q

Mechanisms of short term control

A

Vasodilator theory

Oxygen lack theory

147
Q

Vasodilator theory:

A

The greater the metabolic rate of a tissue, or lack of oxygen, the more vasodilator substances are secreted, which then affext pre-capillary sphincters, metarterioles, and arterioles

148
Q

Oxygen lack theory

A

Lack of O2 causes smooth muscle to relax

Dilates the pre-capillary sphincters, metarterioles and arterioles

149
Q

Important local vasodilators

A 
Adenosine
Carbon Dioxide
Histamine
Potassium ions
Hydrogen ions (from lactic acid, for ex)
150
Q

An increase in the quantity of blood flow to a tissue or body part

A

Hyperemia

151
Q

Normal autoregularion to increase blood flow due to metabolic need

A

Active hyperemia

152
Q

Response to temporary interruption of blood flow to pay back O2 debt

A

Reactive hyperemia

153
Q

Response of smooth muscle to contract with excessive pressure; generally over-ridden by metabolic control of blood flow

A

Myogenic response

154
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Blood flow In the kidney
Composition of fluid in the distal tubule is sensed by special cells (macula densa), which then regulates the afferent arteriole.

155
Q

Blood flow in the brain

A

The concentrations of CO2 and H+ are as important as O2 to normal brain function. Astrocytes regulate blood low

156
Q

In the skin, blood flow is closely linked to ___ ____ ______, and is controlled largely via ______ ______

A

body temperature regulation

sympathetic innervation

157
Q

An endothelial derived relaxing factor:

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

158
Q

NO is released by:

A

endothelial calls in small arteries in response to shear stress (as would occur when there is rapid blood flow into the capillary bed

159
Q

NO causes ______ in small arteries. This causes:

A

vasodilation

Causes them to reduce wall stress and improves flow into downstream capillary

160
Q

Products needed to produce NO

A

Calmodulin
NADPH
BH4
with L-Arginine

161
Q

Main determining factor of long term blood flow

A

Oxygen

162
Q

Main vascular growth (______)

factors:

A

Angiogenetic

Vascular endothelial growth factor
Fibroblast growth factor
Angiogenin

163
Q

Vacoconstrictors:

A

Norepinephrin and epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
Endothelin

164
Q

Vasocontrictors from sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla

A

NE and epinephrin

165
Q

Ex of vessels that vasodilate from NE and epinephrin

A

Coronary arteries

166
Q

Angiotensis II is formed by:

It causes:

A

Formed by a cascase initiated by renin release from the kidneys

causes arteriole constriction to increase total peripheral resistance and increases blood pressure

167
Q

Vasopressin, AKA __ ____
it is released from:
It increases:

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Released from the posterior pituitary gland
Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, and peripheral resistance and blood pressue

in increased amounts ca ncause arteriolar vasoconstriction

168
Q

Edothelin’s release is triggered by:

Its function:

A

Endothelial damage

Prevents excessive bleeding

169
Q

Bradykinin is formed by:

It causes:

A

A cascade initiated by tissue inflammation

Causes arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability

170
Q

Histamine is derived from:

Its function:

A

Mast cells and basophils
Causes vasodilation of arterioles in inflammatory reactions
Also an important mediator in allergic reactions

171
Q

Increased calcium causes:

A

vasoconstriction by stimulating smooth muscle

172
Q

Increased Potassium and magnesium causes

A

vasodilation by inhibiting smooth muscle

173
Q

Increased hydrogen ions cause

A

dilation by lowering the pH

174
Q

The autonomic nervous system is used for more global control such as:

A

Redistributing blood flow to different areas
Regulation of the heart
Rapid control of arterial pressure

175
Q

Somatic motor neurons branch from:

They release:

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

ACh which causes contraction of skeletal muscle

176
Q

Autonomic motor neurons branch from:
They consist of:
They release:

A

Intermedial lateral horn of the spinal cord
Preganglionic neurons and postganglionic neurons
After preganglionic they release ACh
After postganglionic they release ACh OR NE

177
Q

Location of sympathetic neurons (pre and post synaptic)

A

Thoraco-lumbar

178
Q

Location of Parasympathetic neurons (pre and post synaptic

A

Cranio-sacral (3 cranial an 2 sacral)

179
Q

neurons with adrenergic postganglion target cells:

A

Smooth muscle cells and cardiac cells

180
Q

Neurons with cholinergic postgangion target cells:

A

Secretory cells like sweat glands

181
Q

sympathetic neurons with no postganglion target cells:

A

Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla

182
Q

Cholinergic

A

Neuron secretes acetylcholine

183
Q

adrenergic

A

neuron secretes norepinephrine

184
Q

What happens to the pacemaker cell when stimulated by sympathetic neuron

A

Norephinephrine stimulates Beta1 receptor
Activates G protein by Alphasubunits
Adenylyl cyclase converts STP into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
G protein connects with cAMP, releasing PKA (protein kinase A)
Ca channel is phosphorylated by ATP
allowing Ca++ to enter

185
Q

What happens to the pacemaker cell when stimulated by parasympathetic neuron

A

AcH receptor is M2
G protein with alpha subunit is released
Opens potassium channel, causing the cells to become more negative, slowing down the rate.

186
Q

How does a symphathetic neuron affect force of contraction in an ordinary cardiac muscle

A

Same as pacemaker,

except then Ca++ binds to troponin

187
Q

How does the sympathetic neuron affect a smooth muscle such as the tunica media?

A

Alpha receptor stimulated
G protein released and binds to Phospholipase C
Releases IP3 (inasopholtriphosphate) which binds to ER opening a Ca channel there
Ca++ binds to calmodulin causing a contraction

188
Q

Sympathetic nerves innervate:

A 
All vessels (except capillaries, pre-capillary sphincters and merarterioles)
and the heart
189
Q

Vasoconstriction fibers highly innervate:

Why?

A

Kidneys
gut
spleen
skin

Takes blood flow from these during fight or flight

190
Q

for sympathetic, Vasoconstriction fibers lightly innervate:

Why?

A

Skeletal muscle and brain

All muscles NOT being used for fight or flight will not need as much blood, so more will go to muscles being used.

191
Q

In sympathetic vasoconstriction, Norephinephrin release binds to

A

alpha receptors

192
Q

for sympathetic, Vasodilator fibers innervate

A

the heart and some skeletal muscles

193
Q

in sympathetic vasodilation, norephinephrine release binds to

A

beta receptors

194
Q

Parasympathetic nerves innervate;

A

the heart, but not the peripheral circulation

195
Q

For parasympathetic, what causes decrease in heart rate and a decrease in force of contraction?

A

acetylcholine

196
Q

Location of vasomotor center (control of blood vessels)

A

Reticular substance in the medulla and pons

197
Q

In vasomotor center, what does the vasoconstrictor area do?

A

excites the vasoconstrictor neurons of the sympathetic nervous system

198
Q

In vasomotor center, what does the vasodilator area do

A

inhibits the vasoconstrictor area

199
Q

In vasomotor center, what does the sensory area (tractus solitarius) do?

A

receives sensory input from baroreceptors (blood pressure receptors)

200
Q

Aortic baroreceptors transmit signals via:

A

the vagus nerve

201
Q

The carotid sinus transmits signals via

A

Glossopharyngeal nerves

202
Q

Vasomotor center and the heart- what does the lateral area control

A

sympathetic activity to the heart

203
Q

Vasomotor center and the heart- what does the medial area contol

A

Parasympathetic activity to the heart via the vagus nerve

204
Q

What has higher control of the vasomotor center?

A

Motor cortex, limbic system and reticular substance

205
Q

What controls the long term regulation of BP?

How?

A

the kidneys by controlling fluid and salt balance (Pressure diuresis and pressue natriuresis)

206
Q

Renal function curve demonstrates:

A

the relationship between arterial pressure and urinary output (fluid loss)

207
Q

As urinary output goes up, what happens to arterial pressure?

A

it goes up

208
Q

water balance is determined by:

A

Renal output of water and salt

and dietary intake of water and salt

209
Q

Infinite gain principle

A

when blood pressure increases or decreases, kidney output changes to restore equilibrium

210
Q

Equilibrium point

A

water and salt intake matches water and salt output, and BP is normal

211
Q

What can change the equilibrium point

A

Changing the level of water and salt intake

alteration of kidney function or pathology

212
Q

Increased blood volume (INCREASES/DECRESES) CO and BP

A

Increases

213
Q

Increased CO causes:

A

vasoconstriction, increased total peripheral resistance and arterial BP

214
Q

Increased BP (INCREASES/DECREASES) urine output vis:

A

Increases

via pressure diuresis and natriuresis

215
Q

Increased salt intake (INCREASES/DECREASES) blood osmolarity. This causes:

A

increases

stimulates the thirst center of the brain (hypothalamus)

216
Q

Increased osmolarity stimulates

A

ADH secretion from the post. pituitary gland, which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

217
Q

Salt is cleared (FASTER/SLOWER) from the body than water

A

slower

218
Q

Renin is secreted by:

In response to:

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney

in response to low BP

219
Q

Renin catalyzes what reaction?

A

Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin I

220
Q

What catalyzes this reaction?

Angiotensin I -> angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin convertin enzyme (lung)

221
Q

Effects of angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstriction- increased perioheral resistance and BP
Increased sodium retention by kidneys (therefore fluid retention)
Stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

222
Q

Aldosterone increases:

A

sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys

223
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) equation

A

1/3 Pulse pressure (systolic pressure-diastolic pressure) + diastolic pressure

So, if BP is 120/80, MAP will be:
40/3 + 80 = 93.3 mmHg

224
Q

Hypertension can cause damage to:

A

heart, kidneys, brain and other organs

225
Q

Hypertensive patients are at a higher risk for:

A 
congestive heart failure
coronary artery disease
renal damage
strokes
aneurysms
226
Q

Stage 1 of hypertension BP

A

Systolic 130-139
or
Diastolic 80-89

227
Q

Stage 2 of hypertension BP

A

systolic >140
or
diastolic >90

228
Q

Primary hypertension, AKA

A

essential hypertension

idiopathic hypertension

229
Q

percentage of americans with hypertension that have primary hypertension

A

95%

230
Q

treatments of primary hypertension

A

lifestyle modification

antihypertensive drugs

231
Q

Secondary hypertension is due to

A

A known cause that has lead to HT. Treat the underlying disease, HT will improve

232
Q

Ex of disorders that have HT as a symptom

A

Primary hyperaldosteroneism
Hypersecretion of renin
renal failure
pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla tumor)

233
Q

Non-pharmacologic interventions for primary HT

A 
Weight loss ( ~ 1mmHg for every 1 kg of weight lost)
Healthy diet 
Avoid excess sodium
Get enough potassium 
physical activity
moderation of alcohol
possibly chiropractic
234
Q

Anti-hypertensive drug classes

A 
Diuretics
ace inhibitors
vasodilator drugs
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
235
Q

common substances that can elevate BP

A 
Alcohol
amphetamines
some antidepressants
caffeine
some decongestants
NSAIDS
Cocaine

CVP (4 decks)

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