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Psychology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A hypothesis is…

A

A prediction

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2
Q

Hypothesis that indicates a direction in results

A

Directional

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3
Q

Hypothesis that doesn’t indicate a direction in results

A

Non directional

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4
Q

Null hypothesis means …

A

Prediction won’t happen - if so by chance

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5
Q

Operationalisation means

A

How you intend to measure the DV

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6
Q

An extraneous variable is…

A

Any variable except the IV that influences findings

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7
Q

Situational variable is …

A

An extraneous variable that’s in the environment

Eg earthquake, hot sunny day

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8
Q

Participant variable is…

A

An extraneous variable caused by the participant

Eg: stress, being ill, tiredness

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9
Q

A confounding variable ….

A

Effects findings so much you’re no longer measuring what was intended

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10
Q

Covariables are ….

A

Associated variables - but doesn’t say how or why

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11
Q

Lab experiment is….

A

Takes place in a controlled environment

IV manipulated to see effect on DV

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12
Q

Field experiment is…..

A

Takes place in a more natural environment/real life setting

IV manipulated to see effect on DV

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13
Q

Natural experiment is ….

A

Takes place in a real life setting

IV left to naturally occur to see effect on DV

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14
Q

2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of lab experiments

A

+ high control + establish cause and effect

- artificial - demand characteristics

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15
Q

2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of field experiments

A

+ real life + ecologically valid

- limited variable control - difficult to replicate

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16
Q

2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of natural experiments

A

+ real life + ecologically valid

- not replicable - no control over variables

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17
Q

4 types of Naturalistic observation

A

Covert
Overt
Participant
Non participant

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18
Q

Covert observations…

A

Participants are unaware of the observation

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19
Q

Overt observations….

A

Participants know about the observation

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20
Q

1 benefit and 1 drawback of covert observation

A

+ validly

- unethical

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21
Q

1 benefit and 1 drawback of overt observation

A

+ ethical

- demand characteristics

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22
Q

1 benefit and 1 drawback of participant observation

A

+ practical

- may lack notes

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23
Q

1 benefit and 1 drawback of non participant observation

A

+ practical

- validity

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24
Q

Structured observations take place in…

A

Takes place in a lab

NOT an experiment!

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25
Q

1 benefit and 1 drawback of a structured observation

A

+ reliable

- poor validity

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26
Q

What is content analysis

A

A way of systematically describing written/spoken/visual communication
Provides quantitative data

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27
Q

3 benefits of content analysis

A

+ accounts for individual difference
+ establish behaviour causes
+ good to study emotion

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28
Q

3 drawbacks of content analysis

A
  • not scientific
  • can’t generalise
  • lacks validity
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29
Q

Process of content analysis

A

1- draw up categories

2- tally, counting references to each category

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30
Q

3 types of interview

A

Structured
Unstructured
Semi structured

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31
Q

Types of question in a questionnaire

A

Open ended question

Closed questions

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32
Q

2 benefits to interviews

A

+ generalisable if sample is representative

+ easy to repeat

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33
Q

2 drawbacks to interviews

A
  • objective

- unreliable answers

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34
Q

2 benefits to questionnaires

A

+ easy to gain large sample

+ easy to replicate

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35
Q

2 drawbacks to questionnaires

A
  • unhonest response

- subjective

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36
Q

3 benefits to quantitative data

A

+ easy conclusions
+ scientific
+ superficial

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37
Q

2 drawbacks to quantitative data

A
  • lacks validity

- narrow information

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38
Q

3 benefit is to qualitative data

A

+ meaningful and valid
+ ecological validity
+ can convert to quantitative

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39
Q

2 drawbacks to qualitative data

A
  • hard to compare

- less scientific

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40
Q

Sampling frame where everyone has an equal chance

A

Random

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41
Q

Sampling frame where first available is taken

A

Opportunity

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42
Q

Sampling frame where every Nth person is chosen

A

Systematic

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43
Q

Sampling frame where population is categorised and chosen in same proportions

A

Stratified

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44
Q

Sampling frame where target no. of participants of different groups

A

Quota

45
Q

Sampling frame where participants volunteer themselves

A

Volunteer

46
Q

Sampling frame where participant offers up another participant

A

Snowballing

47
Q

Types of snowball Sampling

A

Non discrimative exponential

Discriminate exponential

48
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of random sampling

A

+ unbiased

- issues in being representative

49
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of opportunity sampling

A

+ easy and quick

- not representative

50
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of systematic sampling

A

+ representative sample

- can be difficult

51
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of stratified sampling

A

+ very representative

- time consuming

52
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of quota sampling

A

+ focused research

- not always representative, can be bias

53
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of volunteer sampling

A

+ motivated people

- not representative

54
Q

1 benefit 1 drawback of snowballing sampling

A

+ good for minorities

- little control

55
Q

2 Observational sampling techniques

A

Time sampling

Situation/event sampling

56
Q

4 types of experimental design

A

Independent measures
Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Counterbalanced design

57
Q

Independent measures design involves….

A

Different participants from different groups

58
Q

1 benefit 1 weakness of independent measures

A

+ no order effects

- participant variables

59
Q

Repeated measures involves….

A

Participants doing both sets of conditions

60
Q

1 benefit 1 weakness of repeated measures

A

+ no individual differences

- no order effect. - demand characteristics

61
Q

Matched pairs involves…..

A

Match participants into both groups via characteristics and treat as independent measures

62
Q

1 benefit 1 weakness of matched pairs

A

+ no order effect

- participant variables

63
Q

4 levels of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

64
Q

Nominal data has…

A

Exclusive categories with no relative rank

65
Q

Ordinal data has….

A

Ranked exclusive categories where attributes are ordered via rank

66
Q

Interval data has…..

A

Continuous scale - no absolute 0

67
Q

Ratio data has….

A

Continuous scale that has an absolute 0

68
Q

Internal Reliability can be measured by…

A

Split half method

69
Q

External reliability can be measured using….

A

Test rated method

Inter-rather reliability

70
Q

2 issues within validity

A

Demand characteristics

Researcher bias

71
Q

How to solve validity issues

A

Single blind design
Double blind design
Experimental realism

72
Q

2 benefits of case studies

A

Valid and rich data

Ecologically valid

73
Q

2 drawbacks of case studies

A

Low generalisability

Not replicable

74
Q

2 types of research methods

A

Longitudinal

Cross sectional

75
Q

2 benefits 2 weakness of longitudinal research methods

A

+ no participant variables
+ easy comparisons
- hard to keep participants
- issues with generalisability

76
Q

2 benefits 2 weaknesses of cross sectional research

A

+ cheaper
+ easier to get funding
- cannot compare
- participant variables

77
Q

3 types of brain scans

A 
CAT scan (computed axial tomography) 
MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
78
Q

2 benefits of a CAT scan

A

+ useful for abnormal structures

+ provides higher quality pictures

79
Q

2 weaknesses of CAT scans

A
  • more radiation than X-rays

- only structural info

80
Q

2 benefits of an MR scan

A

+ more detailed soft tissue than CAT

+ no radiation

81
Q

2 weaknesses of MRI scans

A
  • can take a long time

- can be comfortable

82
Q

2 benefits of PET scans

A

+ real chemical info

+ show brain activity

83
Q

2 weaknesses of PET scan

A
  • extremely costly

- less precise than MRI

84
Q

CAT scans are….

A

Series of X-rays, combined too form 2D/3D pictures

85
Q

MRI scans involve..

A

Magnetic field causes atoms in brain to change their alignment when the magnes on, they emit radio signals when off

86
Q

PET scans involve….

A

Administering a radioactive tracer (glucose), radiation detectors can see areas & build picture of activity

87
Q

Ethical issues that need to be considered are….

A 
Confidentiality
Deception
Risk of harm
Risk of values 
Informed consent 
Debriefing
88
Q

A peer review is ….

A

An assessment of scientific work by others who are experts in the same field

89
Q

1 benefit and 2 weaknesses of a peer review

A

+ improved validity

  • hard to find an expert
  • publication bias
90
Q

What was the aims of milligrams obedience study?

A

Look at levels of obedience when told by an authourative figure

91
Q

Methodology of milgrams study

A

Lab experiment
40males 20-50 years
‘Study of memory’
took place at Yale uni

92
Q

Procedures of milgrams study

A
  1. Draw slips to identify learner (confederate) and teacher — this is rigged!!!
  2. L strapped to chair, T taken to adjacent room
  3. T reads series of word pairs, L asked to learnt them
  4. T gives the word with 4 others, L asked to identify what word is the pair
  5. L answers via switches
  6. If correct, T move on, if wrong gives shock
  7. Subsequent wrong answers, shock increases
  8. If t wanted to stop, prods/ encouragement were given
93
Q

Results of milgrams study

A

100% obeyed up to 300V

65% gave the full 450V

94
Q

Conclusions of milgrams study

A

Social setting is a powerful behaviour determinant

Socialised to recognise authority and obey it

95
Q

Strengths of milgrams study

A

G
R- lab experience the, standardised, consistent results
A- relates to blind obedience in holocaust
V- high experimental validity
E- all debriefed, all examined by physistians

96
Q

Weaknesses of milgrams study

A

G- 40 males, androcentric, ethnocentric
R
A
V- low ecological validity, low population validity
E- inadequate protection, no informed consent, filmed on hidden camera, right to withdraw prevented

97
Q

Aim of kohlbergs moral philosopher study

A

Develop on ideas of Piaget on moral development

98
Q

Methodology of kohlbergs study

A

72 Chicago boys 10-16yrs
58 followed for 20 years
Cross sectional study
Repeated measures

99
Q

Procedure of kohlbergs study

A
  1. 2 hour interview based on 10 dilemmas eg. Hienz dilemma
  2. Asked questions on thee dilemmas eg ‘should he have stolen?’ ‘Would it change if…?’
  3. Looked at reasons for their decision not if they were morally right or wrong
100
Q

Findings of kohlbergs study

A
  • reasons changed as participants got older
  • 3 distinct levels, 2 sub levels in each (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
  • no everyone achieves them all
101
Q

What are the 3 levels of development according to kohlbergs?

A

Preconventional (3-7yrs)
Conventional (8-13 yrs)
Postconventional (adulthood)

102
Q

Strengths of kohlbergs study

A

G-
R- standardised scenarios, supporting research
A- helped parenting techniques
V
E- briefed and debriefed, content, right to withdraw

103
Q

Weaknesses of Kohlbergs study

A

G- all male fom Chicago, androcentric and ethnocentric
R- cross sectional, thus different upbringings = extraneous variable
A
V- artificial, lacks ecological validity, sample bias lacks population validity
E- one distress caused by dilemmas

104
Q

What was the aim of personal investigation 1 on perception

A

To see if context influences perception of an ambiguous stimulus

105
Q

What inferential stat test was used in PI1 and why?

A

Chi squared

Study had nominal data, independent measures, tested association

106
Q

1 Reliability issue with PI1 and how to solve it

A
  • noise caused poor concentration - complete in a quiet area
107
Q

2 validity issues in PI1

A
  1. Artificial, low ecological validity — do similar tests regularly
  2. Unrepresentative (opp sample) — use a systematic sample technique
108
Q

What inferential stat was used in PI and why?

A

Spearmans rho

See strength of correlation, unrelated covariable s, ordinal/interval data

109
Q

What are the 5 inferential statistic tests

A 
Chi squared
Sign
Mann Whitney 
Wilcoxon 
Spearmans rho

Psychology (7 decks)

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