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SPAA 361 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem

A

Extension of the spinal cord into the cortex
Connection between the spinal cord and the cortex – connects PNS with CNS
Contains most of the cranial nerves
3 parts (top down)
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

the superior and inferior colliculi together they form the tectum or roof of the midbrain
Superior – a visual center
Inferior – Auditory Center - It acts as the channel for almost all auditory signals in the human body. Plays roles in signal integration, frequency recognition, and pitch discrimination.
-startle reflex

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3
Q

Reticular Formation

A

contains nuclei throughout the brainstem and thalamus
integrates sensorimotor stimuli with thoughts and emotions
Responsible for regulating visceral, neuroendocrine (SLEEP WAKE CYCLE)–pineal gland, blood pressure and movement
Regulates respiration, swallowing, alertness
Damage = coma, ventilator dependency, death
-helps you to be ready
down the back side of the brainstem

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4
Q

main functions of brainstem

A 
Alertness
Arousal
Breathing
Blood pressure
Digestion
Heart rate
Controls reflexes:
-coughing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, startle
Balance
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5
Q

Midbrain Structures

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Basis pedunculli-
The red nucleus and substantia nigra produce
dopamine for the basal ganglia if damaged
Parkinson’s disease may develop
looks like mickey mouse on scan

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6
Q

tectum

A

makes a 3D map of the body in space

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7
Q

Tegmentum

A

a nuclei center RED NUCLEOUS- big circles

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8
Q

basis pendunculli

A

pyramidal tracts and substantia nigra–>(stripes on ears)

same as the crus cerebra (the ears)

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9
Q

Pons

A 
ALL Descending motor fibers
ALL Ascending sensory fibers
Cranial nerve nuclei
Transverse fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle
skull looking thing
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10
Q

raphe nucleus

A

makes serratonin

in the pons

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11
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

auditory information tract

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12
Q

medial lemniscus

A

is a tract ofaxonsin thebrainstemthat carries information about sound from thecochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateralinferior colliculusof themidbrain.
carrying deep touch, vibrational, and visceral pain information
Gracile Fasiculus – below t6- all sensations belly button down “feeling the grass between your toes”
Cuneate fasiculus – above t6 above belly button

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13
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

decussation happens here, right before the brainstem becomes the spinal chord
Looks like a butterfly

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14
Q

Neurons

A

generate impulses that are excitatory or inhibitory

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15
Q

Neuroglia

A

‘glia’ support and protect nerve cells and help repair tissue
there are way more than neurons

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16
Q

cell body

A

Nucleus– controlling center of the cell
Cytoplasm – Protein molecules + auqueous substance enclosed in cell membrane
There are many Organelles – subcellular units that synthesize and metabolize proteins

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17
Q

know the organelles!

A

on worksheet

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18
Q

metabolism

A

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Substances are broken down to yield energy or are synthesized
Nerve cells have high metabolic activity– dependent upon glucose
Nerves manufacture own proteins which are packaged by golgi bodies and exported through microtubules OR incorporated into cell membrane

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

3 components that act together to give neurons their shape and create a roadway to proteins to be transported
Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Microfilaments
**Abnormalities in the cytoskeleton (plaques and tangles) do not allow proteins to travel and cause Alzheimer’s

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20
Q

anterograde movement

A

from cell body to axon and dendrites

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21
Q

retrograde

A

from axon or dendrite to the cell body

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22
Q

abnormalities in the cytoskeleton creates

A

(plaques and tangles) that do not allow proteins to travel and cause Alzheimer’s

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23
Q

plaques

A

too much amyloid protein

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24
Q

tangles

A

too much Tau protein

25
Q

Dendrite

A

A cytoplasmic extension
Afferent in that they receive information via synapses
Are short and have many branches to increase surface available for synapses – may be 100,000s synapses
Spines cover the surface of dendrites to create synapse, transmit electrical signals and may even help synthesize proteins
several shapes of spines

26
Q

filopodium

A

long tall and skinny

27
Q

thin

A

short but thin

28
Q

stubby

A

short and stout

29
Q

mushroom

A

looks like a mushroom cap

30
Q

cup

A

like a tuning fork

31
Q

axon

A

Cytoplasmic extension
Are efferent that transmit impulses away from the soma
Do not produce protein – unlike dendrites
Generally one per neuron
Typically form a long branch from a cone-shaped axon hillock then create collaterals to communicate with many dendrites on its way to its final destination
Terminate in synaptic terminals or terminal boutons

32
Q

myelin

A

The entire process of brain growth is a process of myelination
Neurons can conduct an impulse prior to myelination but the ability to conduct repetitive impulses at a rapid rate requires myelin
Rapid repetitive firing of impulses is necessary for many functions
i.e.) walking, talking, thinking, feeling, etc.
A multi-layered lipid (fat) material that insulates and protects the axon
prevents the escape of electrical energy
The speed of nerve conduction is determined by the diameter of the nerve and its myelin sheath
The sheath is divided by Nodes of Ranvier which allows for saltatory conduction

33
Q

In general, myelination follows a phylogenic pattern

A

structures that are more primitive are likely to myelinate early
Phylogenic –
1. The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms. Also called phylogenesis.
2. The evolutionary development of an organ or other part of an organism

34
Q

CNS myelin makers

A

Oligodendroglia cells

produce myelin for multiple axons/cells

35
Q

PNS myelin makers

A

Schwann cell

one cell myelinates one axon

36
Q

Endoneurium(endoneurial tube)

A

made by the Schwann cell
is a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of several nerve fibers which creates a group of axons called nerve fascicles

37
Q

The Synapse

A 
Connection point between neurons
3 parts
Presynaptic terminal/bouton
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic cell
38
Q

nerve cells classified by

A 
# of receptive processes from soma
 Length of the axon
 Both dendritic and axonal processes add to cells’ ability to respond
 3 basic classifications
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
39
Q

multipolar

A 
Many dendrites– one axon
Differ in size and shape
Make numerous synapses with other cells
Most multipolar cells– in CNS
Examples- Spinal interneurons,
         cerebellar Purkinje cells
40
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes- one
extending from each
pole of body

Includes peripheral process (dendrite) and central process (axon)
Found in the Retina and INNER EAR

41
Q

unipolar

A 
One process only extending from body
Divides into central and peripheral portions
Central portion – axonal process
Peripheral portion- dendritic process
Found in spinal dorsal roots
42
Q

Glia

A

Neuroglia cells
Found in grey and white matter
40 -50 times as many glial cells as nerve cells
Support and protect nerve cells

43
Q

Astrocytes

A

act as connective tissue in white matter
create the blood brain barrier in grey matter
Regulate the extracellular concentration of ions

44
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytose – they engulf and digest cellular debris especially after injury
Move to site of injury and begin to destroy the damaged tissue – one reason for edema

45
Q

Ependymal

A

line the surface of ventricles

choroid plexus

46
Q

Satellite

A

the astrocytes of the PNS – have a role in how we feel pain

47
Q

transmission

A

Neurons send messages through electrochemical processes
Chemicals in the body are electrically charged – ions
Important ions in the nervous system are sodium (Na) potassium (K +2), calcium (ca), and chloride (cl-)

48
Q

where is transmission

A

Nerve cells are made with a semi-permeable membrane that allows some ions to pass through while it blocks other ions
This occurs at the internodes and the synapse

49
Q

transmission at the button

A

Neurotransmitters are released for impulse transmission
Nerve impulses do not cross the synaptic cleft rather they signal the release of neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitter then activates the post synaptic cell to depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell

50
Q

action potential

A 
Chemical exchanges generate the electrical impulses that stimulate the nerve cell body
-series of rapid changes resulting in the formation of nerve impulses
Results from ions moving through cell membranes at ion channels
 It is an explosion of electrical activity that is created by a depolarizing current 
 An event (stimulus) causes the neuron to move from resting potential to action potential
51
Q

resting membrane potential

A

When a neuron is not sending a signal it is at rest
At rest = the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside (- 55- to -70)
Stable resting environment secondary to selective permeability
All of this is made possible by sodium and potassium pumps– which move Na+ and K+ out/ in the cell.

52
Q

sodium potassium pumps (Ligand)

A

move Na+ and K+ out/ in the cell all the time

53
Q

Mechanical

A

open when stretched

54
Q

voltage

A

open according to the charge of the cell

55
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger from one cell to another – secreted into the blood
Signal a change – play a part in activation or inhibition of the immune system, regulating metabolism, regulating phases of life (puberty, caring for offspring, menopause)
Regulate organs and tissue growth

56
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical released at the synapse that allow movement of impulses
Critical in regulation of all functions/behaviors
A deficiency or abundance = dysfunction
Produced in the cell body – soma
Some facilitate transmission while others inhibit transmission
In some way they either relay, amplify or modulate the electrical signal between neurons
2types
small and large

57
Q

small molecules

A 
derived from amino acids and have short lasting effects
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
58
Q

large molecules

A

peptides- have long lasting effects
Substance p
Endorphines

59
Q

myasthenia Gravis

A

50% of patients have enlarged thymus glands

speech is hard

SPAA 361 (3 decks)

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