Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
neuroscience
A
indicating a erve or the nervous system
2
Q
many branches we need to be familiar with to
A
interact with professionals
be able to read reports and explain findings to our patients
3
Q
neurology
A
study of diseases that drupe the normal structural and physiological aspects of the nervous system
4
Q
neurologist serve inform the
A
clinical history, clinical examinations and laboratory testing to diagnose and determine the site nature and cause pathology
5
Q
interested in the affect
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of pathology human behavior
6
Q
neurosurgery
A
study of surgical intervention to treat disease of the nervous system
7
Q
structure of the nervous system
A
skull
vertical column
meningies- 3 layers
8
Q
neuroradiology
A
use of imaging techniques ti identify intact and pathological structures of the nervous system
includes the use of therapeutic radiation along with drug therapy (tx) (chemotx)
MRI, fMRI, CT ect…
9
Q
neuroembryology
A
study of prenatal growth of the NS during embryonic period of development
conception to about the end of the 7th week
end of week 7 all brain structures have emerged
10
Q
teratology
A
the study of fetal malformations, cranial malformations
11
Q
Neuroanatomy
A
study of the structural organization of the nervous system
Defines both gross and microscopic elements of the nervous system (NS)
12
Q
Neurophathology
A
study of the nature and etiology of diseased tissue
- How tissue can structurally and functionally disrupts the NS
- Identifies cells affected by tumor, infarct, infection or degeneration
13
Q
Nanoneuroscience
A
study of structures on the scale of nanometers
-Studies the molecular make-up of the brain
14
Q
Nanotechnology
A
has been a rapidly growing field since the 1990s
scientists, engineers, and doctors attempt to manipulate materials on a molecular and atomic scale.
15
Q
Principles Governing Functional Organization of the Human Brain
A
Even though brain is complex, highly evolved and is regulated by a set of simple principles
8 simple principles will greatly help understanding how brain works and functions
16
Q
Principle #1: Interconnectivity in the brain
A
All functional areas of the brain are connected through fibers
Association fibers
Commissural fibers
we use all of our brain!
17
Q
Association fibers
A
connect areas related to the same function or the same modality (1° and 2° areas of a modality), within the same hemisphere
18
Q
Commissural fibers
A
connect related areas in the L and R hemisphere
19
Q
interconnectivity
A
Fibers make up an interrelated network which allows a constant interaction
within each hemisphere (association)
AND
between the hemispheres (commissural)
These fibers are how messages from multiple sources are rapidly interpreted and integrated so that we can produce the appropriate response to stimuli.
important so that we can process all the senses at the same time
to save ourselves, fight or flight, to understand your environment.
20
Q
Principle # 2: Centrality of CNS
A
CNS = Central Nervous System made up by the spinal cord (SC) + Brain
makes up who you are and how you react to stimuli
*it is central to who you are as a person
21
Q
CNS is responsible for
A
integrating all Incoming and Outcoming information and for formulating responses to information received
All decision making happens in the CNS by analyzing and synthesizing multiple sources of information to generate a distinct response.
-like making the choice to over rule the reflex to avoid the hot sand in order to run to the water and sit in the cool water
22
Q
A response can be
A
Volitional
Reflex
23
Q
Volitional
A
(internally generated)= the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action
*Voluntary
24
Q
reflex
A
elicited, environmental
*not voluntary
down in our spinal chord
25
Principle # 3: Hierarchy of Neuroaxial Organization
The CNS is organized in a hierarchy
Lower level structures are responsible for lower functions– and these lower structures are influenced by structures higher up in the CNS
The hierarchy is highly integrated AND connected– not simple!
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Spinal Chord
=lowest level
| Simple sensory and motor functions; *reflexes*
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Brainstem and Diencephalon
=intermediate level
| house systems that regulate consciousness, blood pressure, sleep, neurotransmitters ect…
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Cerebral cortex
=highest level
| Complex sensorimotor integration, decision making
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Principle # 4:
| Laterality of Brain Organization
This principle may be broken down into 3 subprinciples
Bilateral anatomical symmetry
Unilateral functional differences
Contralateral sensorimotor control
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Bilateral anatomical symmetry
Both hemispheres are essentially similar with only a few minor differences
ANATOMICALLY MIRROR IMAGES
Exception = the Planum Temporal bigger on the left
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Planum Temporal
on the left side the flat plane at the top of the temporal lobe
processes auditory information
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Unilateral functional differences
Immediately following birth both hemispheres have equal potential to develop functions and skills
BUT… during the first few years of life, each hemisphere acquires a preference for certain functions
33
Contralateral sensorimotor control
-All sensory and motor fibers in the nervous system decussate (cross) the midline
-Sensory info from right half of body projects to left sensory cortex AND
-Left motor cortex controls movement in the right half of the body
-Most sensory AND motor fibers cross midline at caudal medulla of brainstem
-Some auditory fibers cross at numerous levels in the brainstem
information crosses multiple times at multiple levels
34
Principle # 5:
| Functional Networking
-Neuronal systems are functionally specialized
-Fibers are specialized for certain types of sensory and motor information
-These specialized fibers travel a set pathway
Specialized fibers and pathways have functional ability to
-Become increasingly adaptive
-Faster at processing information
-Analyze signals
35
Principle # 6:
| Topographical organization in cortical pathways
The brain is spatially organized
Information from the peripheral areas of the body– projected to specific areas of the brain
Example: Humunculus
Neurologists now have topographical map of the brain that assist in identifying site of lesions
36
Principle # 7:
| Plasticity in the brain
Neuroplasticity
Functional plasticity
Plasticity allows brain to
Repair cortical circuitry
Integrate other cortical areas to serve changing functions
Respond to various pathologies
Plasticity explains why therapy is able to retrain the brain s/p CVA or TBI/CHI
Regeneration of cells occurs differently in CNS vs. PNS
The brain’s ability to adapt to external and internal changes has important implications for learning
This ability to adapt– excellent “learners”
Functional plasticity AND adaptivity are greater in early years– gradually diminishes with age – Critical Period
Learning better w early experience
Early exposure facilitates learning and ALSO results in finer/ more efficient processing of information
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Neuroplasticity
the ability to change as a result of experience
38
functional plasticity
is the ability to reorganize and modify functions and adapt to internal and external changes
learn and make new associations through repetitive use
39
Principal # 8
| Culturally Neutral Brain
Although human brain is very complex–Its basic functioning is simple
Operations are NOT governed by gender, culture, or ethnic background
Brains function is unaffected by size, shape, or weight
Its power lies in its ability to attend, process, make decisions, and remember
40
dorsal
to the back
In the cortex- top of the brain
In the brainstem or spinal cord – back of brainstem or cord
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caudal
toward the tail
In the cortex- near back of brain or head
In the brainstem or spinal cord- toward bottom of cord or brainstem
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ventral
toward the abdomen
In the cortex- deep areas / bottom of the brain
Brainstem or spinal cord- belly or front of the structures
43
rostral
Toward the nose
In the cortex- near the front of the head
In brainstem or spinal cord- near or toward the brain
44
Sagittal
Vertical that divided brain left and right
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Coronal
Vertical section- made perpendicular to sagittal section
| Divides brain into front and back
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Horizontal
cut perpendicular to BOTH coronal and Sagittal planes
| Divides brain into upper and lower halves
47
Midsagittal
vertical cut that divides into equal left and right portions
48
Transverse
horizontal cut that is diagonal – typically the brain stem or spinal chord
49
Lateral
structures AWAY from midline
50
Medial
structures TOWARD midline
51
Proximal
structures relatively close to the specific anatomical structures sit e of reference
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distal
position of structures further forms he anatomical structure of reference
53
Neuron
most basic building block of the brain
| Responsible for receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing info
54
Glia cells
protect and support the nerve cells
55
Cell body
nucleus of the neuron,
| also called the soma
56
Dendrites
specialized processes, receive neural impulses from other neurons and send the impulse toward the cell body
57
Axon
transmits neural messages to other neurons, send impulses away from the soma
hillock- voulnerable part of the neuron
58
terminal boutons
end portions of the axons, contain vessels that release neurotransmitters between the end of the axon and the surface of the next nerve cell
59
synaptic cleft
narrow space between the end of an axon and the surface of the next nerve cell
60
synapse
include the terminal boutons, synaptic cleft and the receptor site of the next nerve cell
61
grey matter
Refers to the appearance of the brain that consists of nerve cells, supporting cells, and unmyelinated fibers
62
White matter
nerve fibers that form tracts and carry info from one brain site to another
**White because of myelin
63
Presynaptic neuron
sending the info (terminal)
64
postsynaptic neuron
receiving the info (dendrite)
65
tract
collection of nerve fibers with a common origin in the CNS
66
fasciculus
same as a tract
67
brachium
(same as tract, just comes from cerebellum) bundle of connecting pathways that connect the brainstem and the *cerebellum*
68
inter
between
69
intra
within
70
afferent fibers
carry info from the body to the CNS (sensory)
| nerves and cells that transmit sensory info to the CNS from receptors in the skin, muscles and organs
71
efferent fibers
carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the PNS (motor)
nerves and cells that transmit commands from the CNS to activate muscles & glands
72
decussation
crossing of the incoming or outgoing fibers at the midline
73
4 important function of the nervous system
Sensor
Effector
Integrator
Regulator
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Sensor
it receives all information from the environment and body
75
Effector
it initiates all body movements
76
Integrator
combines info from all sources and all modalities
77
Regulator
maintains a homeostatic state keeps the body at peak performance and repair
78
Human nervous system
CNS + PNS
79
The CNS
brain + spinal cord
| PNS- everything else
80
Brain
initiates, controls, & regulates all sensorimotor and cognitive functions
81
Spinal cord
a wire cable that transmits motor commands to various parts of the body
also transmits all info from the PNS & environment to the brain
82
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
sensory and motor nerves that connect to the spinal cord and brainstem
cranial nerves & spinal nerves
these nerves extend to organs, muscles, joints, blood vessels, & skin surface
Have afferent and efferent
two systems:
somatic
automatic\visceral
83
cranial nerves
lips, mouth, throat, face
84
spinal nerves
everything that branches off of spinal chord
85
somatic nervous system
voluntary control
nerves innervate muscles and skin
S-S Somatic-Skin
86
automatic\visceral nervous system
```
involuntary control
nerves innervate organs and glands
visceral= gut
2 divisions
Sympathetic System
Parasympathetic System
* produce opposite effects
```
87
Sympathetic System
(fight, flight or freeze)
fast quick signals
ganglia close to spinal chord
88
Parasympathetic System
(rest and digest) Calms you down from FFF, regulates
slow, one-on-one signals
ganglia close or in the organs
89
Gyrus/Convolution
an elevated cortical region (hill)
90
Sulcus/Fissure
the groove or furrow markings in the cortex
Sulci (small)
Fissures (large)
91
longitudinal fissure
divides right and left hemisphere
| also called the inter hemispheric fissure
92
central sulcus
divides frontal from parietal lobe
93
quick facts
```
weighs 3lbs
2% of body weight
rolled flat--2 square feet
60% is fat
1,000 – 10,000 synapses per neuron
```
94
cerebrum
```
two hemispheres
what most people think of as the “brain”
serves higher mental functions--cognition, language, memory
regulates sensorimotor integration
relates perception with experiences
```
95
layers of the cerebral cortex
The Cerebrum is covered in a 3-5mm thick layer of gray matter (nucleus)
The cells that make up the cerebrum are referred to as the Cerebral Cortex
6 layers
3 types of cells: pyramidal – granular/satellite and interneurons
Different cortical areas contain different configurations of the 6 layers
96
Diencephalon
thalamus
| hypothalamus
97
thalamus
Subcortical
relays sensorimotor info to cortex
all sensory info passes thru except smell
98
hypothalamus
```
produces neuroendocrine (hormones)
the central structure for control of metabolic functions
regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, emotional & sexual responses
```
99
Hippocampus
Found in the medial temporal lobe and part of the Insula
| Responsible for MEMORY and LEARNING
100
cerebellum
dorsal to the brainstem
“little brain”
attached to the brainstem
coordinates the rapid precise movement of speech
coordinates movements & regulation of equilibrium
101
midbrain
```
contains all sensory motor fibers
mediates auditory & visual reflexes
regulates cortical arousal
Controls pupil size
protects/houses cranial nerve nuclei
```
102
Pons
Contains cranial nerve nuclei
pathway for sensorimotor fibers
Highly connected to the cerebellum
Controls respiration and Facial movements
103
medulla
Part of brainstem
contains cranial nerve nuclei
regulates respiration, phonation, heart beat, & blood pressure
104
reticular formation
back side of brain stem
| creates neurotransmitters
105
Spinal chord
reflex control center
contains fibers to & from the brain
interconnects body parts
Ventral roots innervate muscles (effarent)
Dorsal roots relay sensory information to the CNS (afferent)
106
lobes of the hemispheres
4 primary lobes and 1 secondary lobe
107
3 major sulcus
central sulcus
lateral fissure
parieto-occipitaq sulcus
108
Frontal lobe's primary job
```
MOTOR
reasoning
abstract thinking
self-monitoring
decision making
planning
pragmatic behaviors
personality
memory
learning
```
109
important areas in the frontal lobe
motor
premotor
prefrontal cortex
brocha's area
110
brocha's area
important for spoken language
inferior frontal gyrus
motor programming area
send the correct motor plan to our articulators (jaw, lips, tongue, VF)
111
brocha's aphasia
speech nonfluent
dsyprosody
associated with apraxia and dysarthria
comprehension better than production
112
parietal lobe location
between the frontal and occipital lobes
central sulcus marks the anterior portion of the lobe
Posterior- imaginary border line
113
partial lobe primary job
```
BODY SCHEMA
perception of somatic sensation
integration of sensory info
elaboration of sensory experience
spatial orientation
attention
memory
cognition
```
114
occipital lobe location
very back
115
occipital lobe function
perceives & interprets visual info
116
primary visual cortex
receives most direct signal from the eyes
117
Secondary visual cortex
visual association area
| vision and meaning of written word interpreted
118
Occipital Lobe has 2 distinct regions that project tracts/fibers to the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
WHERE – superior/dorsal occipital lobe projects to the parietal lobe
WHAT – lower/ventral occipital lobe projects to the temporal lobe
119
Temporal lobe location
ventral (below/bottom) to the frontal & parietal lobe
120
Temporal lobe function
auditory area, perception, thresholds, interpretation, auditory association, comprehension
121
Heschl’s gyrus
transverse temporal gyrus; Heschl’s convolutions
receives auditory info; thresholds
Organized tonotopically
Top gyrus in the temporal lobe
122
Wernicke’s area
interprets auditory info; assigns meaning, auditory comprehension area
analysis & elaboration of speech sounds
123
Insular Lobe function aka limbic system
```
considered a secondary lobe
Thought to help with sensorimotor and gustory functions
Helps us integrate information and FEEL human
Emotional drive
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Behavioral & vegetative functions
Feeding
Defensive behavior
Aggression
Mating
Fear
These behaviors are fundamental to survival
```
124
Huntington’s Chorea
A progressive neurodegenerative genetic disease, causes cellular death of the caudate nucleus, putamen and cortex
Characterized by choric movements, altered personality, dysarthria and dementia
125
Parkinson’s Disease
A progressive disorder that effects the production of dopamine in the Red nucleus and Substantia nigra
Dopamine is essential to the functioning of the Basal Ganglia
Symptoms = tremors, slow movement, rigid muscles, dysarthria and hypophonia, micrographia, rigid shuffling gait
falt affect
126
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s Disease is a slowly progressive disease caused by the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in gray matter
127
Pick Disease
Pick disease results from slow shrinking of brain cells in the temporal and frontal regions and an excessive build up to tau proteins that form pick bodies
Patients exhibit personality changes, memory loss, and depression
128
meningies
encases the CNS
durapater
arachnoid- spider web like
pia mater
cover both the brain and the spinal chord
between two of these layers is cerebral spinal fluid
protect and cushion the brain
allow blood and cerebral spinal fluid flow without bacteria getting in
129
dura mater
"tough mother"
pink and think
outer most layer
nearest the skull-attached to inner surface of skull
contains blood supply and CSF
2 layers of dura mater- operate to form sinuses that carry CSF and Blood
creates three compartments to protect the brain
1. flax cerebri- covers the 2 hemisphere
2. flax cerebelli- covers the cerebellum
3. tentorium cerebelli- a roof over the cerebellum
** to protect our brain
**to create spaces for CSF and Blood to exit and flow
if the dural folds in, it creates "sinuses"
deoxygenated blood is carried through here
130
arachnoid layer
```
delicate red
thin, nonvascular layer
weblike
it is fibers elastic tissue
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations
```
131
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnid and Pia mater, filled with CSF
132
arachnoid grandulations
located along the superior sagittal sinus and rains CSF into veins
concentrated near the sinuses
133
epidural space
potential space between the dura mater and the skull
134
subdural space
potential space between the dural and the arachnoid layer
135
subarachnoid
space between arachnoid and pia mater
| contains CSF, blood vessels
136
cisterns
at the base of brain
| direct CSF upward over the cerebral hemispheres
137
pia mater
thin transparent layer
closely attache dot the surface of the brain
follows the gyri and sulci of the brain
gyri - peaks
sulci – valleys
has a network of blood vessels
138
ventricles
```
cavities within the brain
on the floor of these cavities is a spongy membrane called
choroid plexus
there are 4 interconnected ventricles
two lateral ventricles
one third ventricle
one fourth ventricle
are used as landmarks during diagnostic testing
```
139
choroid plexus
special mucosa
| CSF is produced
140
lateral and third ventricles
the lateral and third ventricles are butterfly shaped in a cross section of the brain
the wings = lateral ventricles
the body = third ventricle
they play a major role in circulating CSF and regulating the amount & pressure
very delicate balance-
hydrocephalus or microcephalus
141
hydrocephalus
too much CSF in the ventricles
142
microcephalus
not enough CSF in the ventricles
143
4th ventricles
interconnected
the two lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro
the third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
this aqueduct is at the level of the brainstem
144
central canal
connected to the 4th and runs through the whole spinal chord
| helps drain some of the excess fluid down the chord
145
cerebral spinal fluid
120 – 140 mL
clear odorless
contains small amounts of protein, glucose, potassium, & sodium chloride
it supports & cushions the CNS against trauma
the buoyancy of CSF serves to reduce the momentum and acceleration of the brain when the cranium is suddenly hit or displaced
CSF Flows and is replaced every 24hrs
146
CSF
it serves to remove waste products or other substances (drugs)
protects our brain from trauma, bathes and clean brain,
it also plays a role in regulating intracranial pressure
Lumbar punctures are performed to diagnosis diseases
-GuillIAn-barre
-Multiple sclerosis
-meningitis
