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SPAA 361 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neuroscience

A

indicating a erve or the nervous system

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2
Q

many branches we need to be familiar with to

A

interact with professionals

be able to read reports and explain findings to our patients

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3
Q

neurology

A

study of diseases that drupe the normal structural and physiological aspects of the nervous system

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4
Q

neurologist serve inform the

A

clinical history, clinical examinations and laboratory testing to diagnose and determine the site nature and cause pathology

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5
Q

interested in the affect

A

of pathology human behavior

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6
Q

neurosurgery

A

study of surgical intervention to treat disease of the nervous system

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7
Q

structure of the nervous system

A

skull
vertical column
meningies- 3 layers

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8
Q

neuroradiology

A

use of imaging techniques ti identify intact and pathological structures of the nervous system
includes the use of therapeutic radiation along with drug therapy (tx) (chemotx)

MRI, fMRI, CT ect…

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9
Q

neuroembryology

A

study of prenatal growth of the NS during embryonic period of development
conception to about the end of the 7th week
end of week 7 all brain structures have emerged

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10
Q

teratology

A

the study of fetal malformations, cranial malformations

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11
Q

Neuroanatomy

A

study of the structural organization of the nervous system

Defines both gross and microscopic elements of the nervous system (NS)

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12
Q

Neurophathology

A

study of the nature and etiology of diseased tissue

  • How tissue can structurally and functionally disrupts the NS
  • Identifies cells affected by tumor, infarct, infection or degeneration
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13
Q

Nanoneuroscience

A

study of structures on the scale of nanometers

-Studies the molecular make-up of the brain

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14
Q

Nanotechnology

A

has been a rapidly growing field since the 1990s

scientists, engineers, and doctors attempt to manipulate materials on a molecular and atomic scale.

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15
Q

Principles Governing Functional Organization of the Human Brain

A

Even though brain is complex, highly evolved and is regulated by a set of simple principles

8 simple principles will greatly help understanding how brain works and functions

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16
Q

Principle #1: Interconnectivity in the brain

A

All functional areas of the brain are connected through fibers
Association fibers
Commissural fibers
we use all of our brain!

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17
Q

Association fibers

A

connect areas related to the same function or the same modality (1° and 2° areas of a modality), within the same hemisphere

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18
Q

Commissural fibers

A

connect related areas in the L and R hemisphere

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19
Q

interconnectivity

A

Fibers make up an interrelated network which allows a constant interaction
within each hemisphere (association)
AND
between the hemispheres (commissural)

These fibers are how messages from multiple sources are rapidly interpreted and integrated so that we can produce the appropriate response to stimuli.
important so that we can process all the senses at the same time
to save ourselves, fight or flight, to understand your environment.

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20
Q

Principle # 2: Centrality of CNS

A

CNS = Central Nervous System made up by the spinal cord (SC) + Brain
makes up who you are and how you react to stimuli
*it is central to who you are as a person

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21
Q

CNS is responsible for

A

integrating all Incoming and Outcoming information and for formulating responses to information received

All decision making happens in the CNS by analyzing and synthesizing multiple sources of information to generate a distinct response.
-like making the choice to over rule the reflex to avoid the hot sand in order to run to the water and sit in the cool water

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22
Q

A response can be

A

Volitional

Reflex

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23
Q

Volitional

A

(internally generated)= the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action
*Voluntary

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24
Q

reflex

A

elicited, environmental
*not voluntary
down in our spinal chord

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25
Q

Principle # 3: Hierarchy of Neuroaxial Organization

A

The CNS is organized in a hierarchy
Lower level structures are responsible for lower functions– and these lower structures are influenced by structures higher up in the CNS
The hierarchy is highly integrated AND connected– not simple!

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26
Q

Spinal Chord

A

=lowest level

Simple sensory and motor functions; reflexes

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27
Q

Brainstem and Diencephalon

A

=intermediate level

house systems that regulate consciousness, blood pressure, sleep, neurotransmitters ect…

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28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

=highest level

Complex sensorimotor integration, decision making

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29
Q

Principle # 4:

Laterality of Brain Organization

A

This principle may be broken down into 3 subprinciples

Bilateral anatomical symmetry
Unilateral functional differences
Contralateral sensorimotor control

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30
Q

Bilateral anatomical symmetry

A

Both hemispheres are essentially similar with only a few minor differences
ANATOMICALLY MIRROR IMAGES
Exception = the Planum Temporal bigger on the left

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31
Q

Planum Temporal

A

on the left side the flat plane at the top of the temporal lobe
processes auditory information

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32
Q

Unilateral functional differences

A

Immediately following birth both hemispheres have equal potential to develop functions and skills
BUT… during the first few years of life, each hemisphere acquires a preference for certain functions

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33
Q

Contralateral sensorimotor control

A

-All sensory and motor fibers in the nervous system decussate (cross) the midline
-Sensory info from right half of body projects to left sensory cortex AND
-Left motor cortex controls movement in the right half of the body
-Most sensory AND motor fibers cross midline at caudal medulla of brainstem
-Some auditory fibers cross at numerous levels in the brainstem
information crosses multiple times at multiple levels

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34
Q

Principle # 5:

Functional Networking

A

-Neuronal systems are functionally specialized
-Fibers are specialized for certain types of sensory and motor information
-These specialized fibers travel a set pathway
Specialized fibers and pathways have functional ability to
-Become increasingly adaptive
-Faster at processing information
-Analyze signals

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35
Q

Principle # 6:

Topographical organization in cortical pathways

A

The brain is spatially organized
Information from the peripheral areas of the body– projected to specific areas of the brain
Example: Humunculus
Neurologists now have topographical map of the brain that assist in identifying site of lesions

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36
Q

Principle # 7:

Plasticity in the brain

A

Neuroplasticity
Functional plasticity
Plasticity allows brain to
Repair cortical circuitry
Integrate other cortical areas to serve changing functions
Respond to various pathologies
Plasticity explains why therapy is able to retrain the brain s/p CVA or TBI/CHI
Regeneration of cells occurs differently in CNS vs. PNS
The brain’s ability to adapt to external and internal changes has important implications for learning
This ability to adapt– excellent “learners”
Functional plasticity AND adaptivity are greater in early years– gradually diminishes with age – Critical Period
Learning better w early experience
Early exposure facilitates learning and ALSO results in finer/ more efficient processing of information

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37
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the ability to change as a result of experience

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38
Q

functional plasticity

A

is the ability to reorganize and modify functions and adapt to internal and external changes
learn and make new associations through repetitive use

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39
Q

Principal # 8

Culturally Neutral Brain

A

Although human brain is very complex–Its basic functioning is simple

Operations are NOT governed by gender, culture, or ethnic background
Brains function is unaffected by size, shape, or weight

Its power lies in its ability to attend, process, make decisions, and remember

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40
Q

dorsal

A

to the back
In the cortex- top of the brain
In the brainstem or spinal cord – back of brainstem or cord

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41
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail
In the cortex- near back of brain or head
In the brainstem or spinal cord- toward bottom of cord or brainstem

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42
Q

ventral

A

toward the abdomen
In the cortex- deep areas / bottom of the brain
Brainstem or spinal cord- belly or front of the structures

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43
Q

rostral

A

Toward the nose
In the cortex- near the front of the head
In brainstem or spinal cord- near or toward the brain

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44
Q

Sagittal

A

Vertical that divided brain left and right

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45
Q

Coronal

A

Vertical section- made perpendicular to sagittal section

Divides brain into front and back

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46
Q

Horizontal

A

cut perpendicular to BOTH coronal and Sagittal planes

Divides brain into upper and lower halves

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47
Q

Midsagittal

A

vertical cut that divides into equal left and right portions

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48
Q

Transverse

A

horizontal cut that is diagonal – typically the brain stem or spinal chord

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49
Q

Lateral

A

structures AWAY from midline

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50
Q

Medial

A

structures TOWARD midline

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51
Q

Proximal

A

structures relatively close to the specific anatomical structures sit e of reference

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52
Q

distal

A

position of structures further forms he anatomical structure of reference

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53
Q

Neuron

A

most basic building block of the brain

Responsible for receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing info

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54
Q

Glia cells

A

protect and support the nerve cells

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55
Q

Cell body

A

nucleus of the neuron,

also called the soma

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56
Q

Dendrites

A

specialized processes, receive neural impulses from other neurons and send the impulse toward the cell body

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57
Q

Axon

A

transmits neural messages to other neurons, send impulses away from the soma
hillock- voulnerable part of the neuron

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58
Q

terminal boutons

A

end portions of the axons, contain vessels that release neurotransmitters between the end of the axon and the surface of the next nerve cell

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59
Q

synaptic cleft

A

narrow space between the end of an axon and the surface of the next nerve cell

60
Q

synapse

A

include the terminal boutons, synaptic cleft and the receptor site of the next nerve cell

61
Q

grey matter

A

Refers to the appearance of the brain that consists of nerve cells, supporting cells, and unmyelinated fibers

62
Q

White matter

A

nerve fibers that form tracts and carry info from one brain site to another
**White because of myelin

63
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

sending the info (terminal)

64
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving the info (dendrite)

65
Q

tract

A

collection of nerve fibers with a common origin in the CNS

66
Q

fasciculus

A

same as a tract

67
Q

brachium

A

(same as tract, just comes from cerebellum) bundle of connecting pathways that connect the brainstem and the cerebellum

68
Q

inter

A

between

69
Q

intra

A

within

70
Q

afferent fibers

A

carry info from the body to the CNS (sensory)

nerves and cells that transmit sensory info to the CNS from receptors in the skin, muscles and organs

71
Q

efferent fibers

A

carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the PNS (motor)
nerves and cells that transmit commands from the CNS to activate muscles & glands

72
Q

decussation

A

crossing of the incoming or outgoing fibers at the midline

73
Q

4 important function of the nervous system

A

Sensor
Effector
Integrator
Regulator

74
Q

Sensor

A

it receives all information from the environment and body

75
Q

Effector

A

it initiates all body movements

76
Q

Integrator

A

combines info from all sources and all modalities

77
Q

Regulator

A

maintains a homeostatic state keeps the body at peak performance and repair

78
Q

Human nervous system

A

CNS + PNS

79
Q

The CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

PNS- everything else

80
Q

Brain

A

initiates, controls, & regulates all sensorimotor and cognitive functions

81
Q

Spinal cord

A

a wire cable that transmits motor commands to various parts of the body
also transmits all info from the PNS & environment to the brain

82
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

sensory and motor nerves that connect to the spinal cord and brainstem
cranial nerves & spinal nerves
these nerves extend to organs, muscles, joints, blood vessels, & skin surface
Have afferent and efferent
two systems:
somatic
automatic\visceral

83
Q

cranial nerves

A

lips, mouth, throat, face

84
Q

spinal nerves

A

everything that branches off of spinal chord

85
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control
nerves innervate muscles and skin
S-S Somatic-Skin

86
Q

automatic\visceral nervous system

A 
involuntary control
nerves innervate organs and glands
visceral= gut
2 divisions
Sympathetic System 
Parasympathetic System
* produce opposite effects
87
Q

Sympathetic System

A

(fight, flight or freeze)
fast quick signals
ganglia close to spinal chord

88
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

(rest and digest) Calms you down from FFF, regulates
slow, one-on-one signals
ganglia close or in the organs

89
Q

Gyrus/Convolution

A

an elevated cortical region (hill)

90
Q

Sulcus/Fissure

A

the groove or furrow markings in the cortex
Sulci (small)
Fissures (large)

91
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides right and left hemisphere

also called the inter hemispheric fissure

92
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal from parietal lobe

93
Q

quick facts

A 
weighs 3lbs
2% of body weight
rolled flat--2 square feet
60% is fat
1,000 – 10,000 synapses per neuron
94
Q

cerebrum

A 
two hemispheres
what most people think of as the “brain”
serves higher mental functions--cognition, language, memory
regulates sensorimotor integration
relates perception with experiences
95
Q

layers of the cerebral cortex

A

The Cerebrum is covered in a 3-5mm thick layer of gray matter (nucleus)
The cells that make up the cerebrum are referred to as the Cerebral Cortex
6 layers
3 types of cells: pyramidal – granular/satellite and interneurons
Different cortical areas contain different configurations of the 6 layers

96
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

97
Q

thalamus

A

Subcortical
relays sensorimotor info to cortex
all sensory info passes thru except smell

98
Q

hypothalamus

A 
produces neuroendocrine (hormones)
the central structure for control of metabolic functions
regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, emotional & sexual responses
99
Q

Hippocampus

A

Found in the medial temporal lobe and part of the Insula

Responsible for MEMORY and LEARNING

100
Q

cerebellum

A

dorsal to the brainstem
“little brain”
attached to the brainstem
coordinates the rapid precise movement of speech
coordinates movements & regulation of equilibrium

101
Q

midbrain

A 
contains all sensory motor fibers 
mediates auditory & visual reflexes
regulates cortical arousal
Controls pupil size
protects/houses cranial nerve nuclei
102
Q

Pons

A

Contains cranial nerve nuclei
pathway for sensorimotor fibers
Highly connected to the cerebellum
Controls respiration and Facial movements

103
Q

medulla

A

Part of brainstem
contains cranial nerve nuclei
regulates respiration, phonation, heart beat, & blood pressure

104
Q

reticular formation

A

back side of brain stem

creates neurotransmitters

105
Q

Spinal chord

A

reflex control center
contains fibers to & from the brain
interconnects body parts
Ventral roots innervate muscles (effarent)
Dorsal roots relay sensory information to the CNS (afferent)

106
Q

lobes of the hemispheres

A

4 primary lobes and 1 secondary lobe

107
Q

3 major sulcus

A

central sulcus
lateral fissure
parieto-occipitaq sulcus

108
Q

Frontal lobe’s primary job

A 
MOTOR
reasoning
abstract thinking
self-monitoring
decision making
planning
pragmatic behaviors
personality
memory
learning
109
Q

important areas in the frontal lobe

A

motor
premotor
prefrontal cortex
brocha’s area

110
Q

brocha’s area

A

important for spoken language
inferior frontal gyrus
motor programming area
send the correct motor plan to our articulators (jaw, lips, tongue, VF)

111
Q

brocha’s aphasia

A

speech nonfluent
dsyprosody
associated with apraxia and dysarthria
comprehension better than production

112
Q

parietal lobe location

A

between the frontal and occipital lobes
central sulcus marks the anterior portion of the lobe
Posterior- imaginary border line

113
Q

partial lobe primary job

A 
BODY SCHEMA
perception of somatic sensation
integration of sensory info
elaboration of sensory experience
spatial orientation
attention 
memory
cognition
114
Q

occipital lobe location

A

very back

115
Q

occipital lobe function

A

perceives & interprets visual info

116
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receives most direct signal from the eyes

117
Q

Secondary visual cortex

A

visual association area

vision and meaning of written word interpreted

118
Q

Occipital Lobe has 2 distinct regions that project tracts/fibers to the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe

A

WHERE – superior/dorsal occipital lobe projects to the parietal lobe

WHAT – lower/ventral occipital lobe projects to the temporal lobe

119
Q

Temporal lobe location

A

ventral (below/bottom) to the frontal & parietal lobe

120
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

auditory area, perception, thresholds, interpretation, auditory association, comprehension

121
Q

Heschl’s gyrus

A

transverse temporal gyrus; Heschl’s convolutions
receives auditory info; thresholds
Organized tonotopically
Top gyrus in the temporal lobe

122
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

interprets auditory info; assigns meaning, auditory comprehension area
analysis & elaboration of speech sounds

123
Q

Insular Lobe function aka limbic system

A 
considered a secondary lobe
Thought to help with sensorimotor and gustory functions
Helps us integrate information and FEEL human
Emotional drive
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Behavioral & vegetative functions
Feeding
Defensive behavior
Aggression
 Mating
Fear
These behaviors are fundamental to survival
124
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

A progressive neurodegenerative genetic disease, causes cellular death of the caudate nucleus, putamen and cortex
Characterized by choric movements, altered personality, dysarthria and dementia

125
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

A progressive disorder that effects the production of dopamine in the Red nucleus and Substantia nigra
Dopamine is essential to the functioning of the Basal Ganglia
Symptoms = tremors, slow movement, rigid muscles, dysarthria and hypophonia, micrographia, rigid shuffling gait
falt affect

126
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Alzheimer’s Disease is a slowly progressive disease caused by the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in gray matter

127
Q

Pick Disease

A

Pick disease results from slow shrinking of brain cells in the temporal and frontal regions and an excessive build up to tau proteins that form pick bodies
Patients exhibit personality changes, memory loss, and depression

128
Q

meningies

A

encases the CNS
durapater
arachnoid- spider web like
pia mater

cover both the brain and the spinal chord
between two of these layers is cerebral spinal fluid
protect and cushion the brain
allow blood and cerebral spinal fluid flow without bacteria getting in

129
Q

dura mater

A

“tough mother”
pink and think
outer most layer
nearest the skull-attached to inner surface of skull
contains blood supply and CSF
2 layers of dura mater- operate to form sinuses that carry CSF and Blood
creates three compartments to protect the brain
1. flax cerebri- covers the 2 hemisphere
2. flax cerebelli- covers the cerebellum
3. tentorium cerebelli- a roof over the cerebellum
** to protect our brain
**to create spaces for CSF and Blood to exit and flow
if the dural folds in, it creates “sinuses”
deoxygenated blood is carried through here

130
Q

arachnoid layer

A 
delicate red
thin, nonvascular layer
weblike
it is fibers elastic tissue
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations
131
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnid and Pia mater, filled with CSF

132
Q

arachnoid grandulations

A

located along the superior sagittal sinus and rains CSF into veins
concentrated near the sinuses

133
Q

epidural space

A

potential space between the dura mater and the skull

134
Q

subdural space

A

potential space between the dural and the arachnoid layer

135
Q

subarachnoid

A

space between arachnoid and pia mater

contains CSF, blood vessels

136
Q

cisterns

A

at the base of brain

direct CSF upward over the cerebral hemispheres

137
Q

pia mater

A

thin transparent layer
closely attache dot the surface of the brain

follows the gyri and sulci of the brain
gyri - peaks
sulci – valleys
has a network of blood vessels

138
Q

ventricles

A 
cavities within the brain
on the floor of these cavities is a spongy membrane called
      choroid plexus
there are 4 interconnected ventricles
two lateral ventricles
one third ventricle
one fourth ventricle
are used as landmarks during diagnostic testing
139
Q

choroid plexus

A

special mucosa

CSF is produced

140
Q

lateral and third ventricles

A

the lateral and third ventricles are butterfly shaped in a cross section of the brain
the wings = lateral ventricles
the body = third ventricle
they play a major role in circulating CSF and regulating the amount & pressure
very delicate balance-
hydrocephalus or microcephalus

141
Q

hydrocephalus

A

too much CSF in the ventricles

142
Q

microcephalus

A

not enough CSF in the ventricles

143
Q

4th ventricles

A

interconnected

the two lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro

the third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
this aqueduct is at the level of the brainstem

144
Q

central canal

A

connected to the 4th and runs through the whole spinal chord

helps drain some of the excess fluid down the chord

145
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

120 – 140 mL
clear odorless
contains small amounts of protein, glucose, potassium, & sodium chloride
it supports & cushions the CNS against trauma
the buoyancy of CSF serves to reduce the momentum and acceleration of the brain when the cranium is suddenly hit or displaced

CSF Flows and is replaced every 24hrs

146
Q

CSF

A

it serves to remove waste products or other substances (drugs)
protects our brain from trauma, bathes and clean brain,
it also plays a role in regulating intracranial pressure
Lumbar punctures are performed to diagnosis diseases
-GuillIAn-barre
-Multiple sclerosis
-meningitis

SPAA 361 (3 decks)

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