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Anthrop 2200 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

A. Creation of red blood cells

B. Structure

C. Protection

D. Creation of calcium

A

D

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2
Q

What type of information can we NOT learn from comparing a fossilized skeleton with modern species?

A. Locomotion

B. Diet

C. Morphology

D. Temporality

A

D

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3
Q

True or False?

Humans have 3 premolars.

A

False

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4
Q

Which plane divides the body horizontally?

A

Transverse plane

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5
Q

What type of vertebrae are located most superiorly?

A

Cervical

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6
Q

True or False?

The coronal plane divides the body into right and left halves.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False?

In general, the articulations of the axial skeleton are more flexible than those of the appendicular skeleton.

A

False

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8
Q

Using anatomical terminology, the carpals are ___ to the bones of the shoulder girdle.

A. Proximal

B. Medial

C. Superior

D. Distal

A

D

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9
Q

Which of the following bone(s) is part of the axial skeleton?

A. Humerus

B. Vertebral column

C. Femur

D. Patella

A

B

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10
Q

Which bone is not part of the pelvic girdle?

A. Os coxa

B. Sacrum

C. Coccyx

D. Femur

A

D

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11
Q

___ is the scientific study of bones.

A

Osteology

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12
Q

Name and describe the four types of bones.

A
  1. Long Bone: Longer than wide
  2. Short Bone: About same length and width
  3. Flat Bone: Broad and thin
  4. Irregular Bone: Anything else
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13
Q

The ___ are the ends of the long bone that are filled with trabecular bone and covered with cortical bone.

A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

The ___ is the shaft of the long bone which is mainly a wall of cortical bone.

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

The ___ is the outer membrane of the long bone.

A

Periosteum

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16
Q

The ___ is the inner membrane of the long bone.

A

Endosteum

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17
Q

What are short, flat, and irregular bones made up of?

A

Trabecular bone covered with a layer of compact bone.

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18
Q

Name the 6 main functions of bone.

A
  1. Structural framework for body
  2. Protects internal organs
  3. Levers moved by muscles
  4. Stores minerals
  5. Stores fat
  6. Makes components of blood
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19
Q

Name the 4 main features of yellow bone marrow

A
  • In marrow cavity of long bones
  • Can be converted to red marrow in case of massive blood loss
  • Mainly made up of fat cells
  • Half of all bone marrow is yellow at adulthood
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20
Q

Name the 3 main features of red bone marrow.

A
  • Located in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets made there
  • All bone marrow is red at birth
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21
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body into left and right.

A

Sagittal

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22
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body into front and back.

A

Coronal

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23
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body horizontally in a cross-section.

A

Transverse

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24
Q

___ means closer to the head.

A

Superior

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25
Q

___ means further from the head.

A

Inferior

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26
Q

___ means towards the front of the body.

A

Anterior

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27
Q

___ means towards the back of the body.

A

Posterior

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28
Q

___ means toward the midline of the body.

A

Medial

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29
Q

___ means away from the midline of the body.

A

Lateral

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30
Q

___ means closer to the trunk of the body.

A

Proximal

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31
Q

___ means further from the trunk of the body.

A

Distal

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32
Q

The ___ skeleton includes the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.

A

Appendicular

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33
Q

The ___ skeleton consists of the midline of the body (skull, spinal cord, ribs, etc.)

A

Axial

34
Q

The ___ is the hole located on the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass into the skull.

A

Foramen Magnum

35
Q

The ___ of the tooth is the mineralized chewing surface that does not remodel.

A

Enamel

36
Q

The ___ of the tooth is the softer shock absorber.

A

Dentin

37
Q

The ___ of the tooth is soft tissue that contains nerves and blood vessels.

A

Pulp

38
Q

The ___ of the tooth is a calcified bonelike substance that anchors the tooth to the jaw.

A

Cementum

39
Q

The ___ is the only human bone that does not touch another bone.

A

Hyoid

40
Q

Name the 2 bones that make up the shoulder girdle.

A

Scapula and Clavicle

41
Q

All primates belong to which biological class?

A

Mammalia

42
Q

True or False?

Homologies are features that have developed based on convergent evolution.

A

False

43
Q

Which of the following is lacking in strepsirhines but present in haplorhines?

A. Tail

B. Grooming claw

C. Postorbital bar

D. Postorbital plate

A

D

44
Q

What is the typical dental formula of platyrrhines?

A

2-1-3-3

45
Q

What is the typical dental formula of catarrhines?

A

2-1-2-3

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?

A. Human

B. Orangutan

C. Spider monkey

D. Gibbon

A

C

47
Q

What type of molar pattern do the hominoids express?

A

Y-5

48
Q

True or False?

Platyrrhines typically posess three premolars in each quadrant of their mouth, while catarrhines have two premolars in each quadrant of their mouth.

A

True

49
Q

What type of molar pattern do cercopithecoids express?

A

Bilophodont

50
Q

Some platyrrhines posess which trait that is lacking in other primates?

A

Prehensile tail

51
Q

Adaptation helps maintain ___, which means keeping the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable healthy range.

A

Homeostasis

52
Q

___ adaptation refers to a change in allele frequencies and occurs at the population level through natural selection.

A

Genetic

53
Q

___ adaptation refers to changes during growth and development and occurs at the individual level based on environment.

A

Developmental

54
Q

___ adaptation refers to “Acclimatization” and occurs at any point in the individual’s life.

A

Physiological

55
Q

___ adaptation refers to the use of material culture to make living in an environment possible.

A

Cultural/Behavioral

56
Q

Which levels of adaptation are reversible and which are not?

A
  • Reversible: Physiological
  • Irreversible: Genetic, Developmental
57
Q

According to Bergmann’s Rule, a person with a large stocky body would be adapted to ___ climates while a person with a small skinny body would be adapted to ___ climates.

A

cold; warm

58
Q

According to Allen’s Rule a person with short, thick limbs would be adapted to ___ climates while a person with long, thin limbs would be adapted to ___ climates.

A

cold; warm

59
Q

___ is when blood vessels near the body surface expand to lose heat.

A

Vasodilation

60
Q

___ is when blood vessels near the body surface constrict to produce heat in cold skin.

A

Vasoconstriction

61
Q

At very high altitudes, there is ___ air pressure and ___ UV radiation.

A

lower; high

62
Q

Name the 3 consequences of high UV radiation.

A
  • Skin aging
  • Tanning
  • DNA Mutations
63
Q

A(n) ___ is a group of individuals that share a common ancestor.

A

subspecies

64
Q

Name the 2 problems with the subspecies argument for race.

A
  1. The physical features of “race” form a cline.
  2. Not every human population fits into neat “race” caregories.
65
Q

___ is a pigment in the outer layers of the skin.

A

Melanin

66
Q

Skin colors is produced by different combinations of…

A
  • Brown-black melanin pigment
  • Yellow-red melanin pigment
67
Q

More melanin production in melanocytes = ___ skin.

A

darker

68
Q

Vitamin D is a steroid hormones that regulates… (2 answers)

A
  • Calcium absorption
  • Mineralization of the skeleton
69
Q

The body needs ___ to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into Vitamin D.

A

UV radiation

70
Q

___ is a water-soluble B9 vitamin essential for synthesis and repair of DNA.

A

Folate

71
Q

How does Eugenices relate to race?

A

Laws and genocides in the past provide types of artificial selection to make certain races more or less common.

72
Q

What type of joint is between the wrist and the metacarpal of the thumb?

A

Saddle joint

73
Q

Which type of joint gives the widest range of motion?

A

Ball and socket

74
Q

Which type of joint gives the lowest range of motion?

A

Hinge joint

75
Q

How many deciduous teeth do humans grow?

A

20

76
Q

How many permanent teeth do humans grow?

A

32

77
Q

What is the dental formula for humans and apes?

A

2-1-2-3

78
Q

Name 3 reasons to study primates.

A
  • Cross-species perspective
  • Helps us understand and model how humans evolved
  • Insight into human behavior, morphology, culture.
79
Q

Name the different arboreal adaptations that primates acquired.

A
  • Generalized body structure
  • Enhanced sense of touch
  • Enhanced sense of vision
  • Post-orbital bar or plate behind the eye orbits
  • Reduced sense of smell
80
Q

Name 4 traits of Strepsirhines.

A
  • Post-orbital bar
  • Large olfactory bulb
  • Claws rather than nails
  • Tooth comb
81
Q

Name the 2 main differences between platyrrhines and catarrhines.

A
  • Platyrrhines have broad nose and 2-1-3-3 dental formula
  • Catarrhines have hook nose and 2-1-2-3 dental formula

Anthrop 2200 (3 decks)

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