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Anthrop 2200 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

A. Creation of red blood cells

B. Structure

C. Protection

D. Creation of calcium

A

D

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2
Q

What type of information can we NOT learn from comparing a fossilized skeleton with modern species?

A. Locomotion

B. Diet

C. Morphology

D. Temporality

A

D

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3
Q

True or False?

Humans have 3 premolars.

A

False

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4
Q

Which plane divides the body horizontally?

A

Transverse plane

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5
Q

What type of vertebrae are located most superiorly?

A

Cervical

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6
Q

True or False?

The coronal plane divides the body into right and left halves.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False?

In general, the articulations of the axial skeleton are more flexible than those of the appendicular skeleton.

A

False

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8
Q

Using anatomical terminology, the carpals are ___ to the bones of the shoulder girdle.

A. Proximal

B. Medial

C. Superior

D. Distal

A

D

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9
Q

Which of the following bone(s) is part of the axial skeleton?

A. Humerus

B. Vertebral column

C. Femur

D. Patella

A

B

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10
Q

Which bone is not part of the pelvic girdle?

A. Os coxa

B. Sacrum

C. Coccyx

D. Femur

A

D

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11
Q

___ is the scientific study of bones.

A

Osteology

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12
Q

Name and describe the four types of bones.

A
  1. Long Bone: Longer than wide
  2. Short Bone: About same length and width
  3. Flat Bone: Broad and thin
  4. Irregular Bone: Anything else
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13
Q

The ___ are the ends of the long bone that are filled with trabecular bone and covered with cortical bone.

A

Epiphysis

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14
Q

The ___ is the shaft of the long bone which is mainly a wall of cortical bone.

A

Diaphysis

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15
Q

The ___ is the outer membrane of the long bone.

A

Periosteum

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16
Q

The ___ is the inner membrane of the long bone.

A

Endosteum

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17
Q

What are short, flat, and irregular bones made up of?

A

Trabecular bone covered with a layer of compact bone.

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18
Q

Name the 6 main functions of bone.

A
  1. Structural framework for body
  2. Protects internal organs
  3. Levers moved by muscles
  4. Stores minerals
  5. Stores fat
  6. Makes components of blood
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19
Q

Name the 4 main features of yellow bone marrow

A
  • In marrow cavity of long bones
  • Can be converted to red marrow in case of massive blood loss
  • Mainly made up of fat cells
  • Half of all bone marrow is yellow at adulthood
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20
Q

Name the 3 main features of red bone marrow.

A
  • Located in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets made there
  • All bone marrow is red at birth
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21
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body into left and right.

A

Sagittal

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22
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body into front and back.

A

Coronal

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23
Q

The ___ plane cuts the body horizontally in a cross-section.

A

Transverse

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24
Q

___ means closer to the head.

A

Superior

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25
\_\_\_ means further from the head.
Inferior
26
\_\_\_ means towards the front of the body.
Anterior
27
\_\_\_ means towards the back of the body.
Posterior
28
\_\_\_ means toward the midline of the body.
Medial
29
\_\_\_ means away from the midline of the body.
Lateral
30
\_\_\_ means closer to the trunk of the body.
Proximal
31
\_\_\_ means further from the trunk of the body.
Distal
32
The ___ skeleton includes the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs.
Appendicular
33
The ___ skeleton consists of the midline of the body (skull, spinal cord, ribs, etc.)
Axial
34
The ___ is the hole located on the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass into the skull.
Foramen Magnum
35
The ___ of the tooth is the mineralized chewing surface that does not remodel.
Enamel
36
The ___ of the tooth is the softer shock absorber.
Dentin
37
The ___ of the tooth is soft tissue that contains nerves and blood vessels.
Pulp
38
The ___ of the tooth is a calcified bonelike substance that anchors the tooth to the jaw.
Cementum
39
The ___ is the only human bone that does not touch another bone.
Hyoid
40
Name the 2 bones that make up the shoulder girdle.
Scapula and Clavicle
41
All primates belong to which biological class?
Mammalia
42
True or False? Homologies are features that have developed based on convergent evolution.
False
43
Which of the following is lacking in strepsirhines but present in haplorhines? ## Footnote A. Tail B. Grooming claw C. Postorbital bar D. Postorbital plate
D
44
What is the typical dental formula of platyrrhines?
2-1-3-3
45
What is the typical dental formula of catarrhines?
2-1-2-3
46
Which of the following is NOT a hominoid? ## Footnote A. Human B. Orangutan C. Spider monkey D. Gibbon
C
47
What type of molar pattern do the hominoids express?
Y-5
48
True or False? Platyrrhines typically posess three premolars in each quadrant of their mouth, while catarrhines have two premolars in each quadrant of their mouth.
True
49
What type of molar pattern do cercopithecoids express?
Bilophodont
50
Some platyrrhines posess which trait that is lacking in other primates?
Prehensile tail
51
Adaptation helps maintain \_\_\_, which means keeping the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable healthy range.
Homeostasis
52
\_\_\_ adaptation refers to a change in allele frequencies and occurs at the population level through natural selection.
Genetic
53
\_\_\_ adaptation refers to changes during growth and development and occurs at the individual level based on environment.
Developmental
54
\_\_\_ adaptation refers to "Acclimatization" and occurs at any point in the individual's life.
Physiological
55
\_\_\_ adaptation refers to the use of material culture to make living in an environment possible.
Cultural/Behavioral
56
Which levels of adaptation are reversible and which are not?
* Reversible: Physiological * Irreversible: Genetic, Developmental
57
According to Bergmann's Rule, a person with a large stocky body would be adapted to ___ climates while a person with a small skinny body would be adapted to ___ climates.
cold; warm
58
According to Allen's Rule a person with short, thick limbs would be adapted to ___ climates while a person with long, thin limbs would be adapted to ___ climates.
cold; warm
59
\_\_\_ is when blood vessels near the body surface expand to lose heat.
Vasodilation
60
\_\_\_ is when blood vessels near the body surface constrict to produce heat in cold skin.
Vasoconstriction
61
At very high altitudes, there is ___ air pressure and ___ UV radiation.
lower; high
62
Name the 3 consequences of high UV radiation.
* Skin aging * Tanning * DNA Mutations
63
A(n) ___ is a group of individuals that share a common ancestor.
subspecies
64
Name the 2 problems with the subspecies argument for race.
1. The physical features of "race" form a cline. 2. Not every human population fits into neat "race" caregories.
65
\_\_\_ is a pigment in the outer layers of the skin.
Melanin
66
Skin colors is produced by different combinations of...
* Brown-black melanin pigment * Yellow-red melanin pigment
67
More melanin production in melanocytes = ___ skin.
darker
68
Vitamin D is a steroid hormones that regulates... (2 answers)
* Calcium absorption * Mineralization of the skeleton
69
The body needs ___ to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into Vitamin D.
UV radiation
70
\_\_\_ is a water-soluble B9 vitamin essential for synthesis and repair of DNA.
Folate
71
How does Eugenices relate to race?
Laws and genocides in the past provide types of artificial selection to make certain races more or less common.
72
What type of joint is between the wrist and the metacarpal of the thumb?
Saddle joint
73
Which type of joint gives the widest range of motion?
Ball and socket
74
Which type of joint gives the lowest range of motion?
Hinge joint
75
How many deciduous teeth do humans grow?
20
76
How many permanent teeth do humans grow?
32
77
What is the dental formula for humans and apes?
2-1-2-3
78
Name 3 reasons to study primates.
* Cross-species perspective * Helps us understand and model how humans evolved * Insight into human behavior, morphology, culture.
79
Name the different arboreal adaptations that primates acquired.
* Generalized body structure * Enhanced sense of touch * Enhanced sense of vision * Post-orbital bar or plate behind the eye orbits * Reduced sense of smell
80
Name 4 traits of Strepsirhines.
* Post-orbital bar * Large olfactory bulb * Claws rather than nails * Tooth comb
81
Name the 2 main differences between platyrrhines and catarrhines.
* Platyrrhines have broad nose and 2-1-3-3 dental formula * Catarrhines have hook nose and 2-1-2-3 dental formula

Anthrop 2200 (3 decks)

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