Unit 1 Flashcards
Name and define the 3 components of the equation for Natural Selection.
- Variation: Some trait variants increase the chance of survival or reproduction
- Heritability: These traits are inherited by offspring
- Selection: More individuals are born than can survive to reproduce.
___ says that genetic material/proteins activate other genes/proteins in certain regions of the embryo and eventually turn on Hox genes that determine where body segments and limbs will form.
Regulatory Gene Cascade
True or False?
Darwin was the first scientist to propose the idea of evolutionary change.
False
The ___ states that each pair of homologous chromosomes separates during meiosis so that only one allele for a given trait will be present in each of the gametes produced.
Law of Segregation
___ states that different traits are inherited independently of one another.
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
A(n) ___ is a testable prediction that might identify or explain a phenomena.
Hypothesis
A ___ is a sequence of base pairs on a strand of DNA that can make a protein or a segment of genetic material that will perform a function.
Gene
What is the exception to Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
Traits on the same chromosome do not assort independently
Human adaptation primarily refers to…
A. The development of specific, gene-based traits.
B. Changes that occur during growth and development
C. Reversible acclimatization
D. Cultural ways and behavioral patterns
A
During Protein Synthesis, a DNA base coded by AAA will code as ___ for mRNA and as ___ for the tRNA anticodon.
UUU; AAA
___ is the process during which mRNA becomes a protein.
Translation
Populations have ___, which means that members of the population cannot interbreed with members of another population.
Reproductive Isolation
Genes:
A. Are segments of DNA that code for proteins
B. Are located on chromosomes
C. Come in pairs but segregate durign the formation of gametes
D. Assort independently of each other if they are on different chromosomes
E. All of the above are true
E
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q = …
Percentage of all alleles for a trait that are recessive
___ states that the Earth is changed by natural processes operating both today and in the past.
Uniformitarianism
Genetic drift:
A. Occurs when individuals exhibiting a particular trait produce fewer offspring than others in the population
B. Describes a random change in a DNA sequence during the replication process
C. Is a random change in allele frequencies across several generations
D. Results from interbreeding between two or more populations.
C
___ founded Demography, which says that only some will find enough food to survive and reproduce.
Thomas Malthus
Which process can result in a difference of size, appearance, and/or behavior between opposite sexes of the same species?
Sexual Selection
During mRNA Modification, the ___ are cut out of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus to form a continuous coding sequence.
introns
___ presented the binomial nomenclature taxonomy of plants and animals.
Carolus Linnaeus
Name the 4 basic steps of Mitosis.
- Begin with a diploid (46 chromosomes)
- Chromosomes duplicate
- Lining up, spindle forms
- Pulls apart to produce 2 identical daughter cells
What are the 3 main components of DNA?
Phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine)
___ bred together pea plants that had different versions (alleles) of the same trait (genes) and deduced how genes are passed.
Gregor Mendel
Name the 6 steps of the scientific method.
- Make observations
- Define problem
- Propose hypothesis
- Gather evidence and test hypothesis
- Either reject or retain hypothesis for further testing
- Draw conclusion / develop theory
___ are noncoding DNA that do not produce a specific protein but can cause mRNA to code differently to produce different proteins.
Introns
A(n) ___ is a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds.
Polypeptide
Name the 3 causes of genetic drift.
- Individuals with a certain allele randomly leave behind more offspring.
- Bottleneck Effect
- Founder Effect
Acquired inheritance is seen in ___, where some behaviors or conditions can influence genes in the next generation.
Epigenetics
The ___ is the part of the cell that stores the DNA containing the majority of your genes.
Nucleus
A(n) ___ is just a body cell, whereas a(n) ___ is a sexual reproduction cell.
Somatic cell; Gamete
___ are fibers located in the nucleus of the cell that carry genes.
Chromosomes
Greyhounds, a dog breed, were produced by humans breeding the fastest males and fastest females from each generation. What is this called?
Artificial selection
Somatic cells are ___ because they have a full 46 chromosomes, while gametes are ___ because they only have 23.
Diploid; Haploid
The ___ says that actions during life cause new traits in the body and those traits are then passed onto offspring.
Lamarckian Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
What is the most prominent example of Heterozygote Advantage?
The Sickle Cell Allele
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A. None of the four forces of evolution are in operation
B. The population is infinitely large
C. All members of the population produce the same number of offspring
D. Mating is non-random
E. All of the above are assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
D
The ___ occurs when a large portion of the population is eliminated so that only a few individuals remain.
Bottleneck Effect
Name the four assumptions of the hardy-Weinberg equation.
- No mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, or natural selection is occurring
- Population is infinitely large
- Mating is random
- All members produce the same number of offspring
A(n) ___ mutation occurs when a change in base pair within a codon does not change the amino acid.
Synonymous Point
___ can produce new genetic variation within a population, while the other forces of evolution only operate on pre-existing variation.
Mutation
In ___, a certain trait is appealing to the opposite sex so the animal with the trait has more mating opportunities.
Sexual Selection
A(n) ___ mutation is when a random mistake occurs during cell division.
Spontaneous
A(n) ___ is the 3 complementary bases that match the mRNA codon during Translation.
Anticodon
Gene flow between adjacent populations can cause ___, which are gradual changes in genotype or phenotype over a geographic area.
Clines
If a homozygous individual expressing the DD genotype for a trait is crossed with a heterozygous Dd individual, what percentage of the resulting offspring, on average, woudl be expected to exhibit the recessive phenotype?
0%
Name the 3 conditions of Natural Selection.
- Variation
- Heritability
- Selection
Name the 3 observations that evolution occurs.
- The earth is old enough for species to change
- Species have changed
- Some species have similar features that make them appear to be more closely related
True or False?
All mutations result in negative consequences for the individual and his or her offspring.
False
Heritable mutations that have evolutionary consequences, meaning they will be passed to future generations, occur:
A. In somatic cells
B. In gametes
C. Only during mitosis
D. All of the above are true
B
A(n) ___ is all of the variation in a population at a specific genetic locus.
Gene Pool
Name the 3 features of explanatory hypotheses.
- Can explain observations
- Can predict future results
- Can be refuted by new evidence
Name and define the 4 forces of evolution.
- Mutation: Alleles randomly change into new alleles
- Gene Flow: Alleles move into or out of a population
- Genetic Drift: Chance events change allele frequency
- Selection: Survival and reproduction makes advantageous alleles more common
___ are genes that are found close together on the same chromosome.
Linked Genes
The ___ occurs when a small group migrates to a new region and is reproductively isolated.
Founder Effect
A(n) ___ is a complete set of chromosomes
Karyotype
___ is the average number of offspring from a parent with a given trait variant.
Fitness
___ is the study of changes in the frequency of alleles in a population.
Population Genetics
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p = …
Percentage of all alleles for a trait that are the dominant allele
___ means that heterozygotes express both alleles.
Co-dominance
After solving the Hardy-Weinberg equation for p^2, 2pq, and q^2 and then comparing these percentages to the actual percentages of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals, what does it mean if the percentages are a match? No match?
- Match: Equilibrium
- No match: Evolution is occurring because allele frequencies are changing
What happens to a gene pool to show that evolution has occurred?
Frequency of each allele in the gene pool changes.
A(n) ___ mutation occurs when a change in base pair within a codon does change the amino acid, or creates a “stop” codon.
Nonsynonymous Point
To explain how traits are inherited, Darwin came up with the theory of ___, which states that body cells produce gemmules which are carried by the bloodstream to reproductive organs.
Pangenesis
It is ___ whether a cell will get the maternal or paternal version of each chromosome during Meiosis I.
Random
According to Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations…
A. Have a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) than heat-adapted populations
B. Tend to have smaller trunks and longer limbs
C. Maintain higher core temperatures through vasodilation
D. Tend to have stouter trunks and shorter limbs
D
What happens during Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids separate, creating 4 potential haploid cells that are all unique.
A(n) ___ is a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein.
Gene
In what year was Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection published?
1859
Name the 4 steps of Meiosis I.
- Cells start with 46 chromosomes; 1 maternal and 1 paternal in each pair
- Homologues condense and cross over
- Homologues separate
- Result is 2 cells each with 23 unpaired sister chromatids
Complex traits:
A. Result in phenotypes that can be separated into a few discrete categories
B. Are not influenced by the environment in any way
C. Result in phenotypes that exhibit a continuum of variation
D. Are influenced by allelic interactions at a single genetic locus
C
___ states that a parent will contribute only one of its two alleles for a given locus to the gamete.
Mendel’s Law of Segregation
Name the four types of base pair mutations.
- Synonymous point mutations
- Nonsynonymous point mutations
- Frameshift mutations
- Spontaneous mutations
___ are traits that serve a current function but were originally selected due to a different function.
Exaptations
___ is somatic cell division whereas ___ creates gametes.
Mitosis; Meiosis
___ moves alleles from one population to another population.
Gene flow
Natural selection:
A. Explains adaptation
B. Results in the gradual accumulation of small changes over time
C. Passes on traits developed during an organism’s lifetime
D. Both A and B are true
D
The ___ is the location of an allele on a chromosome
Locus
DNA evidence from blood is found mostly in ___ blood cells, which are part of the immune system.
White
ATTAGCA will code for ___ in DNA replication.
TAATCGT
Alternative forms of a gene are:
Alleles
Name the 2 requirements for a variation to be considered an adaptation.
- Frequency in population must increase over time
- Provides a benefit in a certain environment
Name the 2 steps of Translation.
- mRNA goes from the nucleus to the Endoplasmic Reticulum where a Ribosome latches on
- tRNA matches the correct amino acid to each codon (3 bases) on the mRNA
Traits with ___ heritability are largely controlled by genes and are more susceptible to natural selection, whereas traits with ___ heritability are largely controlled by environmental factors and are less susceptible to natural selection.
High; Low
A(n) ___ mutation is when new base pairs are inserted/deleted.
Frameshift
___ is when maternal and paternal versions of a given chromosome line up next to each other before separating and swap alleles.
Crossing Over
ATTAGCA will code for ___ in mRNA Translation.
UAAUCGU
In the theory of evolution, which of the four forces provides an explanation for organisms’ adaptations to their environment?
Natural selection
Human races are…
A. Classes rooted in innate biologicial differences
B. Discrete categories into which all individuals can be easily assigned
C. Socially-constructed groups
D. Categories that appropriately represent the static nature of biological variation
C
___ is the process where genes become mRNA.
Transcription
True or False?
Lactose intolerance is a trait found in human populations with domesticated dairy animals.
False
___ signal the end of the protein.
Stop codons
True or False?
Adaptations primarily function to allow organisms to exhibit greater relative fitness.
True
Name at least 4 major misconceptions of evolution. (6 total)
- Evolution is a theory about the origin of life
- Evolution cannot be observed or tested
- Evolutionary processes are totally random
- Evolution gives species what they need
- Evolution results in progress
- All traits are adaptations
When a small subgroup of a larger population breaks off and becomes reproductively isolated, what force of evolution may occur?
Genetic drift
True or False?
Research has shown that there is more variation between populations than within a population, validating the typological classification of humans into races.
False
___ are coding DNA that produce a specific protein.
Exons
What general concept do Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules illustrate in humans?
A. Adaptation to hypoxia
B. Thermoregulation
C. Adaptation to solar radiation
D. Adaptation to high altitude
B
The ___ is the “powerhouse” of the cell that produces energy and has its own DNA with a few genes.
Mitochondria
Different versions of the same trait that can be dominant or recessive are called ___.
Alleles
A(n) ___ is a sequence of genetic material located on one chromosome that tends to be inherited as a unit.
Haplotype
What does the Hardy-Weinberg equation tell us?
Whether evolution is occurring
Name the 4 steps of DNA Replication.
- Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to separate strands
- DNA Primase adds a short primer (Sequence of RNA nucleotides)
- Free-Floating Nucleotides added by DNA Polymerase III
- Lagging strand is copied in the opposite direction in pieces (Okazaki fragments) which are later joined into one strand
How many chromosomes comprise a human genome? How many pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and how many pairs of sex chromosomes?
46; 22; 1
Adaptations spread because they increase a parent’s ___.
Fitness
Define which forces of Evolution increase/decrease variation.
- Increase: Mutation
- Decrease: Gene flow, genetic drift, selection
If the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is ATGCCGAT, the sequence on the complementary strand will be:
TACGGCTA
A(n) ___ is the two alleles that an individual has for a given gene while a(n) ___ is the physical expression of a given gene.
Genotype; Phenotype
A female dog, Sally, is hit by a car when she is two years old, causing her owners to amputate one of her legs and leaving her with only three. At four years old, Sally has a litter of puppies. Based on the strictest interpretation of Lamarck’s explanation for evolutionary change, each of her puppies would have 3 legs at birth. What is the name of the erroneous mechanism outlined by this situation?
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
A(n) ___ is a generalization of a principal/pattern in nature; “what” will happen under certain conditions.
Law
___ selection occurs when one extreme of a trait is favorable.
Directional
A(n) ___ is a local group of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring.
Deme
Whose work led to Darwin’s recognition of the struggle for existence in organisms due to competition for limited resources?
Thomas Malthus
___ and ___ acclimatizations are sometimes referred to as functional adaptability because they occur during an individual’s lifetime and increase fitness within a particular environment.
A. Genetic, Developmental
B. Genetic, Physiological
C. Developmental, Physiological
D. Genetic, Cultural
C
A sequence of ___ defines a gene while a sequence of ___ defines a protein.
Nucleotides; Amino acids
The opposite of uniformitarianism is ___.
Catastrophism
Name the 3 steps of Transcription.
- DNA strands separate near the gene
- Complementary RNA bases attach to make mRNA
- RNA uses base pairing rules but replaces Thymine with Uracil on the mRNA strand.
The basic unit of DNA is a(n) ___.
nucleotide
The ABO blood group is an example of:
Codominance
___ are changes in allele frequency from generation to generation whereas ___ are speciation events that occur after many generations.
Microevolutionary changes; Macroevolutionary changes
___ traits are phenotypic traits produced by a single gene that are not influenced by the environment and produce discontinuous variation.
Mendelian
___ selection occurs when alleles causing either extreme of a phenotype are not favorable.
Stabilizing
___ is a process that occurs in the cell’s nucleus, during which DNA uses base-pair rules to make a copy of itself so that the cell can divide.
DNA Replication
___ traits are phenotypic traits influenced by 2 or more traits that may be influenced by the environment and produce continuous variation.
Polygenic
Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and identify which bases connect to which.
- Adenine-Thymine
- Guanine-Cytosine
True or False?
Anthropometry, or measurement of the human body, is an outdated method associated only with “racial” classification, and is therefore no longer used by physical anthropologists.
False
A(n) ___ is one or more alternative forms of a gene.
Allele
___ proteins give us physical characteristics while ___ proteins control activity inside and between cells (i.e. enzymes, hormones, antibodies)
Structural; Regulatory
Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the clinal variation observed in regards to skin color in humans? (Choose all that apply)
A. Darker skin pigmentation protects from overexposure to UV radiation and prevents folate deficiency in low-latitude settings
B. Lighter skin pigmentation allows for sufficient vitamin D synthesis and proper mineralization of the skeleton in high-latitude settings
C. Lighter skin pigmentation protects from oxygen deprivation and promotes the maintenance of homeostasis in low-latitude settings
A, B
___ are a pair of chromosomes comprised of one from the mother and one from the father.
Homologous Chromosomes
How can linked genes assort independently?
If they are located far apart on the same chromosome and they are mixed up during crossing over.
___ connects to ___ to make the backbone of DNA. Then, bases on one backbone form a(n) ___ with bases on a second backbone.
Sugar; Phosphate; Hydrogen bond
A mutation is only heritable if…
It occurs in the DNA of the gametes
___ selection occurs when both extremes of a phenotype are favorable.
Disruptive
If an allele becomes ___ due to genetic drift, it becomes the only allele for that gene, whereas if it becomes ___, no individuals have that allele.
Fixed; Lost
Name Darwin’s 2 major discoveries when he was on the Galapagos islands.
- Variation in environment = variation in physical traits
- Similar species in different locations seem to have a common ancestor.
A cline… (Choose all that apply)
A. Is represented by continuous variation following geographic gradients
B. Describes variation that falls into discrete categories.
C. Describes the pattern of skin color variation in relation to latitude
A, C
A(n) ___ is an explanation for a phenoma; “why” it happens.
Theory
DNA in ___ has no internal membrane-bound compartments and is single-celled, while DNA in ___ has cell(s) with internal compartments separated by membranes
Prokaryote; Eukaryote
True or False?
Natural selection is a random process
False
___ calculated Earth’s age as millions of years old, providing the geological evidence necessary for calculating the time span of evolution.
James Hutton
___ rediscovered and reinforced Hutton’s ideas, providing more geological evidence.
Charles Lyell
___ proved that fossils are organism’s remains, revealing that fossils would provide history of past life.
Robert Hooke
___ extensively studied fossils, revealing much variation in the fossil records.
Georges Cuvier
___ pioneered taxonomy based on physical appearance, creating the first scientific classification of plants and animals.
John Ray
