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Medical Terminology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the SI into bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of GI tract to outside of body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from cecum (RLQ)

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in liver and stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat.

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog like teeth next to incisiors

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of LI

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11
Q

colon

A

portion of LI consisting of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from GI tract through anus

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14
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

dentin

A

primary material found in teeth

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex goods to simpler forms

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17
Q

duodenum

A

first part of SI, 12 inches long

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18
Q

elimination

A

act of removal of materials from the body; in digestive sys. removal of indigestible materials as feces

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19
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat gobules into smaller ones, increasing SA that enzymes can use to digest the fat

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20
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of tooth

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21
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up rxn

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22
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting throat to stomach

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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24
Q

feces

A

solid wastes, stool

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25
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under liver; stores bile

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26
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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27
Q

glycogen

A

starch; storage form of glucose in liver cells

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28
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

produced in stomach; necessary for digestion of food

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29
Q

ileum

A

third part of SI; twisted

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30
Q

incisor

A

any one of the four front teeth in the dental arch

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31
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by endocrine cells of pancreas, transports sugar from blood into cell and stimulates glycogen formation by liver (promotes glucose uptake)

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32
Q

jejunum

A

second part of SI; empty

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33
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme to digest fats

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34
Q

liver

A

large organ RUQ, secretes biles, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters toxins

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35
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach; aka cardiac sphincter

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36
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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37
Q

molar teeth

A

6th 7th 8th teeth from middle of dental arch (premolars are 4/5)

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38
Q

palate

A

roof of mouth. hard palate is anterior and supported by upper jaw bone. soft palate is posterior fleshy party between mouth and throat

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39
Q

pancreas

A

organ behind stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

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40
Q

papillae (papilla sing.)

A

small projections of tounge

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41
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within cheek, anterior to ear

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42
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of tubular organs

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43
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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44
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines

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45
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

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46
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth with nerves and blood vessels

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47
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at end of stomach near duodenum; normally closed

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48
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of stomach, opening to the duodenum

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49
Q

rectum

A

last section of the LI, connecting the end of the colon and anus

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50
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

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51
Q

saliva

A

digestive juice produced by salivary glands

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52
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

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53
Q

sigmoid colon

A

fourth and last S-shaped segment of colon, just before rectum

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54
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts passage or closes natural opening

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55
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from esophagus. stomach’s parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)

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56
Q

tryglycerides

A

fat molecules composed of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol

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57
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from middle of soft palate

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58
Q

villi (villus sing.)

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the SI that absorb nutrients into bloodstream

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59
Q

an/o

A

anus

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60
Q

append/o, appendic/o

A

appendix

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61
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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62
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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63
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

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64
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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65
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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66
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

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67
Q

col/o; colon/o

A

colon

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68
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

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69
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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70
Q

enter/o

A

intestines, usually SI

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71
Q

peritoneum

A

serous layered membrane that holds digestive organs in place

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72
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

proteins –> glucose

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73
Q

glycogenolysis

A

storage and conversion of glucose

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74
Q

The _____ of the tooth lies _____ the gum line.

A

crown; above

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75
Q

tonsils removed, the surgery will take place in her ___pharynx.

A

oropharynx

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76
Q

periodontal membrane

A

holds tooth in place in the tooth socket

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77
Q

etiology

A

origins

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78
Q

-eti/o

A

cause

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79
Q

idopathic

A

dont know or understand a diseases cause

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80
Q

idi/o

A

unknown

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81
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

canker sore

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82
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

precancerous white patches

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83
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

cold sore

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84
Q

dental carries

A

tooth decay, most common mouth condition

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85
Q

plaque

A

buildup that dissolves enamel

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86
Q

eructation

A

burping, gas from stomach out through mouth

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87
Q

ileus

A

failure of peristalsis; blockage of intestines

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88
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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89
Q

faci/o

A

face

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90
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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91
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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92
Q

gloss/o

A

toungue

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93
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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94
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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95
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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96
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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97
Q

ling/o

A

tongue

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98
Q

mandibul/o

A

lower jaw, mandible

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99
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

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100
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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101
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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102
Q

pacreat/o

A

pancreas

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103
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

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104
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

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105
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

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106
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

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107
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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108
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

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109
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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110
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

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111
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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112
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

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113
Q

bil/i

A

gall, bile

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114
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin (bile pigment)

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115
Q

chol/e

A

gall, bile

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116
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

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117
Q

gluc/o; glyc/o

A

sugar

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118
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogan, animal starch

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119
Q

lip/o

A

fat, lipid

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120
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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121
Q

prote/o

A

protein

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122
Q

py/o

A

pus

123
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary

124
Q

steat/o

A

fat

125
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

126
Q

-chezia

A

defecation, elimination of wastes

127
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

128
Q

-prandial

A

meal

129
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

130
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen

131
Q

borborygmi

A

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract

132
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stool

133
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose watery stool

134
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

135
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from stomach through mouth

136
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through anus

137
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum

138
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow orange coloration of skin and whites of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in blood

139
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools, feces containing digested blood

140
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

141
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in feces

142
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of mouth with small painful ulcers

143
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

144
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of mouth caused by infection with herpesvirus

145
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches of mucosa of mouth

146
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

147
Q

achalasia

A

failure of lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax

148
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of esophagus

149
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at lower end of esophagus

150
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of stomach

151
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach

152
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ part through tissues and muscles normally containing it

153
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum

154
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near anus

155
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps (benign growth) protrude from mucous membrane of the colon

156
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

157
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

158
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in intestinal wall of colon

159
Q

dysentery

A

painful inflammation of intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

160
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

161
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

162
Q

IBD

A

inflammation of the colon and small intestine (UC/CD)

163
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

164
Q

IBS

A

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in the intestines

165
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

166
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

167
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

168
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

169
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

liver cancer

170
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of pancreas

171
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of pancreas

172
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver caused by a virus

173
Q

The medical term for a stone is:

A

Calculus

174
Q

Saliva is secreted from all of the following glands except the:

A

Sebaceous

175
Q

This covering allows free movement of the intestines:

A

Mesentery

176
Q

dentifrice

A

toothpaste

177
Q

renin

A

raises blood pressure

178
Q

cortex of kidney

A

contains nephrons, outer region

179
Q

-ectasis

A

dilation

180
Q

-ectasia

A

dilation, widening

181
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

182
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

183
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

184
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

185
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

186
Q

-rrhage, - rrhagia

A

bursting forth (of blood)

187
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

188
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

189
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary contraction of muscles

190
Q

-stasis

A

stopping, controlling

191
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing, tightening

192
Q

-tresia

A

opening

193
Q

amylase and lipase tests

A

tests for levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in blood

194
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood

195
Q

stool culture

A

test for microorganisms present in feces

196
Q

stool guaiac test (Hemoccult test)

A

test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces

197
Q

lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema = BE)

A

x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum

198
Q

upper gastrointestinal series

A

x-ray images of esophagus, stomach, and SI obtained after administering barium by mouth

199
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into bile ducts

200
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (cross section)

201
Q

abdominal ultrasonography

A

sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce and image of abdominal viscera

202
Q

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

A

use of endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the GI tract

203
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body

204
Q

HIDA scan

A

radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine

205
Q

gastric bypass or bariatric surgery

A

reducing size of stomach and diverting food into jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)

206
Q

gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope

207
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen

208
Q

liver biopsy

A

removal of liver tissue for a microscopic examination

209
Q

nasogastric intubation (NG tube)

A

insertion of a tube through the nose into stomach

210
Q

paracentesis (abdominocentesis)

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen

211
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein - tumor marker for liver cancer

212
Q

alk phos

A

alkaline phsophatase

213
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

214
Q

BRBPR

A

bright red blood per rectum

215
Q

CD

A

celiac disease

216
Q

G tube

A

gastrostomy tupe - feeding tube

217
Q

J tube

A

jejunostomy tube - feeding tube

218
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

219
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

220
Q

calciferol

A

active form of vitamin D, secreted by kidney

221
Q

calyx or calix

A

cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis

222
Q

catheter

A

tube for injecting or removing fluids

223
Q

cortex

A

outer region of an organ

224
Q

creatinine

A

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine, creatinine clearance is measure of efficiency of kidneys to remove creatinine from blood

225
Q

electrolyte

A

chemical element that carries charge in water

226
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone secreted by kidney to stimulate RBC production by bone marrow

227
Q

filtration

A

some substances pass through filter

228
Q

glomerulus

A

tiny ball of capillaries in kidney

229
Q

hilum

A

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

230
Q

meatus

A

opening or canal

231
Q

medulla

A

inner region of an organ

232
Q

nephron

A

combo of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration reabsorption and secretion take place

233
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

234
Q

reabsorption

A

renal tubules return materials back to blood stream

235
Q

renal artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood to kidneys

236
Q

renal pelvis

A

central collecting region in the kidney

237
Q

renal tubule

A

microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

238
Q

renal vein

A

blood vessel that carries blood away from kidney towards heart

239
Q

renin

A

hormone secreted by kidney to raise BP by vasoconstriction

240
Q

trigone

A

triangular area in urinary bladder

241
Q

urea

A

major nitrogenous waste in urine

242
Q

ureter

A

tubes leading from kidneys to bladder

243
Q

urethra

A

tube from bladder to outside body

244
Q

micturition

A

urination

245
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx, cup-shaped

246
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

247
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

248
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

249
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

250
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

251
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone region of bladder

252
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

253
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

254
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin protein in blood

255
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

256
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

257
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

258
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies

259
Q

lith/o

A

stone

260
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

261
Q

noct/o

A

night

262
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

263
Q

-poetin

A

substance that forms

264
Q

py/o

A

pus

265
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

266
Q

ur/o

A

urine

267
Q

urin/o

A

urine

268
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine condition

269
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli in kidneys

270
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules

271
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

272
Q

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

273
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on kidney

274
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

275
Q

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A

cancerous tumor of kidney in adulthood

276
Q

renal failure

A

decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

277
Q

renal hypertension

A

high BP resulting from kidney disease

278
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

279
Q

bladder cancer

A

malignant tumor of urinary bladder

280
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) not secreted, or kidney has resistance to ADH

281
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

insulin not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

282
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test

A

measurement of urea levels in blood

283
Q

creatinine clearance

A

measurement of rate creatinine is cleared from blood by kidney

284
Q

CT urography

A

xrays using CT to show multiple cross sectional and other views of kidney

285
Q

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

A

xray examination without contrast of kidneys ureters and bladder

286
Q

renal angiography

A

xray examination with contrast of blood vessels of kidney

287
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

xray image of renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through urinary catheter into ureters from bladder

288
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

xray image with contrast of bladder and urethra obtained with patient is voiding

289
Q

ultrasonography

A

imagine of urinary tract structures using sound waves

290
Q

radiosotope scan

A

image of kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into blood stream

291
Q

MRI urography

A

changing magnetic field produces images of kidney and surrounding structure in three planes of body

292
Q

cystoscopy

A

direct visualization of urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

293
Q

dialysis

A

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood

  • Hemodialysis (HD)= artificial kidney
  • Peritoneal dialysis (PD) = catheter
294
Q

lithotripsy

A

urinary tract stones are crushed

295
Q

renal angioplasty

A

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

296
Q

renal biopsy

A

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

297
Q

renal transplantation

A

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

298
Q

urinary catheterization

A

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through urethra into urinary bladder

299
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

300
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

301
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity testing

302
Q

eGFR

A

estimated glomerular filtration rate

303
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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