Unit 2-6

Question 1

Methods of chemical signaling (4)

Answer 1

1. Synaptic communication
2. Endocrine communication
3. Pheromone signaling
4. Allomone signaling

Question 2

Synaptic communication

Answer 2

Nerves to nerves, nerves to muscle (short distance)

Question 3

Endocrine communication

Answer 3

Hormones - one cell type or tissue exerting effects on another (long distance)

Question 4

Pheromone signaling

Answer 4

Chemicals released outside the body to affect members of the same species

Question 5

Allomone signaling

Answer 5

Chemicals released outside the body to affect members of a different species

Question 6

Endocrine glands

Answer 6

Structures that secrete hormones into bloodstream

Question 7

Endocrine glands (8)

Answer 7

1. Hypothalamus (control center)
2. Pineal gland (reproductive maturation)
3. Pituitary (growth and hormone control)
4. Thyroid (Metabolic rate)
5. Adrenal medulla (emotional arousal)
6. Pancreas (sugar metabolism)
7. Gut (digestion/ appetite)
8. Gonads (reproductive organs and cycles)

Question 8

Two types of hormones

Answer 8

1. Protein based
2. Lipid based

Question 9

Mechanisms for hormone signaling

Answer 9

1. Bind to surface receptors (ligand binding) - peptide and amine hormones; rapid (seconds to minutes)
2. Diffusion through cells membrane to act in nucleus - steroid hormones; slow (hours, days, years)

Question 10

Peptide and amine hormones bind to membrane receptors

Answer 10

• extracellular side
• causes signaling inside
• hormone receptors = G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
• binding activated G proteins, send second messengers to other part of cell

Question 11

Steroid hormones enter cell’s nucleus

Answer 11

• lipids so they diffuse
• inside: bind to receptors in cytoplasm
• enter nucleus and affect gene expression

Question 12

Multi faced hormones

Answer 12

Same hormone acts upon multiple tissues and cell types (ex. Testosterone)

Question 13

Different tissues have

Answer 13

Different receptors for the same hormone (overall controlled by brain to determine/ control amount)

Question 14

Posterior pituitary

Answer 14

Hormones important for social behaviors (releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced from hypothalamus: emotions towards sex, long term bonding, parental nurturing)

Question 15

Anterior pituitary

Answer 15

Tropic hormones for growth and reproduction (produces own hormones: growth, thyroid stimulating, gonadotropin hormones: menstrual cycle and testosterone/ sperm production)

Question 16

Endocrine-endocrine communication

Answer 16

Gonads respond to tropic hormones

Question 17

Neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus secrete

Answer 17

Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)

Question 18

In response to GnRH release

Answer 18

Anterior pituitary releases gonadotropins: luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 19

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 19

Stimulates egg follicles to mature, stimulate estrogen production, sperm production

Question 20

luteinizing hormone

Answer 20

Stimulates egg release (ovulation), progesterone production, testosterone production

Question 21

Neurological and endocrine responses integrated in behavior

Answer 21

Change in hormone release —> change in behavior —> change in experience—>

Question 22

Hormone effect on sexual behavior

Answer 22

• Activating/ permissive
• testosterone motivates males to mate
• maternal behavior begin during pregnancy and are due to hormone combinations

Question 23

Humans can animals on sexual behavior

Answer 23

• humans don’t have estrus (standardized times), lordosis (postures, receptive to mating), or methods of sexual behavior
• emotional intimacy is more important
• can separate sexual behavior from parental
• ## social and cultural influences