Unit 2-4

Question 1

Neurobiological term for taste

Answer 1

Gustation

Question 2

Neurobiological term for smell

Answer 2

Olfaction

Question 3

Papillae

Answer 3

Bumps we can see and feel. Increase surface area of tonight’s for taste receptors

Question 4

3 types of papillae

Answer 4

1.Circumvallate (back)
2. Foliate (middle)
3. Fungiform (front)

Question 5

Taste buds

Answer 5

Structures within papillae. Contain receptors that transducer taste info

Question 6

5 taste

Answer 6

1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Umami

Question 7

Flavor

Answer 7

Combinations of taste and smells that are characteristics of specific foods

Question 8

Tongue Sensory Modalities (3)

Answer 8

1. temperature receptors - On tongue to detect hotness, spiciness, coldness, Min times of food
2. Touch receptors - evaluation of food source
3. Pain receptors - injury/ damage

Question 9

Methods for transduction of the 5 tastes (2)

Answer 9

1. Ionotropic (ion channels) : salt and sour
2. Metabotropic : sweet, bitter, umami

Question 10

Detecting salt (NaCl)

Answer 10

Sodium channels: Na+ ions formed, depolarizes taste receptor cell
Chlorine ion (Cl-) detect and pass (mediates unpleasant tests of excess salt)

Question 11

Detecting sour

Answer 11

Acidity, excess hydrogen ions (H+), hydrogen ion channels

Question 12

Metabotropic method

Answer 12

Taste receptor 1 (TR1), Taste Receptor 2 (TR2) have subtypes and combinations for sweet, bitter, umami

Question 13

Savory receptor

Answer 13

T1R1 + T1R3, amino acids = ligands

Question 14

Sweet receptor

Answer 14

T1R2/T1R3, bind to sucrose (natural) and saccharin (artificial)

Question 15

Bitter receptors

Answer 15

T2Rs, over 30, poison detection system

Question 16

Taste projection and processing (3)

Answer 16

1. Taste info projected via cranial nerves
2. Proceeds through solitary tract to thalamus
3. Then to gustatory cortex to perceive taste

Question 17

Cell types and structures important for transiting odors (3)

Answer 17

1. Olfactory receptor (extend cilia down into olfactory epithelium - lined with mucus to trap and dissolve odors)
2. Glomerulus (receptors for the same odor project here)
3. Mitral cells (glomerulus hones message and conveys it here)

Question 18

Olfactory receptors are

Answer 18

Metabotropic (400)

Question 19

Olfactory neurons produced by

Answer 19

Adult neurogenesis, can regenerate

Question 20

Areas in brain responsible for olfactory processing (4)

Answer 20

1. Hypothalamus
2. Hippocampus
3. Amygdala
4. Prepyriform cortex (primary olfactory cortex)

Question 21

Vomeronasal system

Answer 21

Detect pheromones for potential mate
Project to accessory olfactory bulb to the Limbic system (emotion and sex)

Question 22

Vomeronasal system controversy with humans

Answer 22

Genetics = no (contain genes but are not functional)
Behavior = yes (synced cycles, women’s tears change testosterone levels in men)

Question 23

Pathology for olfactory system

Answer 23

Reduces with age, loss of smell = neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s), viral infections kill olfactory neurons