Unit 2 Flashcards
what do food processors call organic
Food producers use the term “organic” to identify food grown without the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and other synthetic chemical
what does organic actually mean
the term organic referred to anything that is or has been alive, so technically all fruits and vegetables are organic
what are organic compounds made of
Organic compounds are carbon-based compounds usually featuring carbon-carbon, and carbon-hydrogen bonds
what is organic chemistry
a branch of chemistry which involves the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen
what is so unique about carbon
the variety of organic compounds that exist lies in the unique bonding abilities of the carbon atom.
what is the key to carbons great bonding abilities
The 4 electrons in its valance electron shell is the key to the unique bonding properties of carbon atoms.
what is a covelant bond
A covalent bond is formed when two non-metals share a pair of electrons so that each atom obtains a full valence shell of electrons—a complete octet.
what is an ionic bond
It involves an actual transfer of an electron from the metal to the non-metal.
NO SHARING ALLOWED
Ex. NaCl: Na loses an elctron and clhorine take that electron
what is an example of a double bond
CH2O has a double bond between the C and the O atoms.
what is an example of a triple bond
C2H2 has a triple bond between the two C atoms.
what don’t double and triple bonds do
single bond can twist and change shape. double and triple bonds cannot move or change the shape.
are bonds between carbon atoms strong
yes
non-polar covelant bond
In a non-polar covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the two bonded atoms
polar covelant bond
A polar covalent bond results from an unequal sharing of electrons
electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards it is called the atom’s electronegativity (EN).
what are the electronegativity rules
~ 0.4, then the bond is considered a non-polar covalent bond.
~ greater than 0.4 but less than 1.7, then the bond is considered a polar covalent bond.
~ greater than 1.7, then the bond is considered ionic.
State two bonding characteristics of carbon that help account for its ability to form so many different organic compounds.
~ Carbons 4 valence electrons means it needs to make 4 bonds.
• Carbons tendency to form double and triple bonds with other
carbon atoms.
what is a molecule
An organic compound consists of a group of atoms covalently bonded together in a fixed ratio
what is the expanded molecular formula
Similar to the molecular formula, but an expanded molecular formula, also shows the order the atoms appear in the molecule.
what is the structural molucular formula
The structural formula is basically a simplified Lewis structure of the compound, without showing the non-bonding pairs of electrons.
what is a functional group
A functional group is a group of atoms, which react in a specific way and determine the reactivity of a compound.
what are isomers
Two compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas
what are simplest types of organic compounds and give examples
The simplest types of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, propane, and natural gas, are commonly used as fuels.
what alkanes (2)
~ Alkanes are hydrocarbon chains with single bonds between all carbon atoms.
~ Alkanes are termed “saturated”, which means they have the maximum number of attached hydrogen atoms.
example of a alkane
propane C3H8
what are alkenes (3)
~ Alkenes are hydrocarbon compounds that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
~ The double bond creates a site for chemical reactions,
~ Alkenes can be identified by their “ene” suffix in their name
which is more reactive alkanes or alkenes
alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
what is an example of an alkene
propene C3H6
what are alkynes
~ Alkynes are hydrocarbon compounds having at least one triple bond between tow carbon atoms.
~ The triple bond is less stable than a single, or double bond, making alkynes more reactive than alkanes, and alkenes.
~ suffix of yne
example of alkynes
propyne C3H4
of carbons in the chain: meth
1
of carbons in the chain: dec
10
of carbons in the chain: non
9
of carbons in the chain: oct
8
of carbons in the chain: but
4
of carbons in the chain: pent
5
of carbons in the chain: eth
2
of carbons in the chain: hept
7
of carbons in the chain: prop
3
suffix “ane”
at least 1 bond between carbon atoms
suffix “ene”
at least 2 bonds between carbon atoms
suffix “yne”
at least 3 bonds between carbon atoms
how do you change the properties in the compound
Just the addition of oxygen or nitrogen to a molecule can greatly change the properties of the compound.
intramolecular forces
Ionic and covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule are often referred to as intramolecular forces. (highways in the state)
intermolecular forces
Attractive and repulsive forces between molecules are called intermolecular forces (interstate that goes across the USA)
what do intermolecular forces detrmine
determine the physical properties of a compound, such as melting point, boiling point, and solubility
Dispersion forces
Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces between all covalent molecules.
what forces are found in non-polar compounds
intermolecular forces
what is the rule with dispersion forces
The strength of the forces increases as the size of the molecule increases.
dipol-dipole forces
when the positive side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another polar molecule
what is a hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a strong dipole-dipole force between a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent compound, and a highly electronegative atom
which atoms can be found in a hydrogen bond
oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, on an adjacent molecule.
Rank the three types of intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest.
Dispersion
Dipole-Dipole
Hydrogen bonding
what is solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, such as water.
what is the like dissolve like rule
This means that polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents, and non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents.
what are the melting points and boling points for dispersion forces
non-polar compounds have relatively low boiling and melting points
What kind of melting and boling pints do polar bonds have
~ The increase in attractive forces between polar molecules requires more energy to separate the molecules.
~ This means that polar compounds generally have higher boiling and melting points than non-polar compounds.
HydroCarbond Polarity
Non-polar
Hydrocarbons HB
No hydrogen bonding.
Hydrocarbons souliblity
Very low solubility in water, and other non-polar solvents.
hydrocarbon M & B points
Relatively low melting and boiling temperatures, because of weak intermolecular forces. Smaller compounds are gases at room temperature.
hydrocarbons OP
Flammable
alcohols polarity
highly polar
alchols HB
Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules, and water
alcohols Solubility
highly souluble in water
alchols M & B points
Higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to hydrocarbons with the same number of carbons, due to hydrogen bonds.
aldehydes POC
slightly polar
Aldehydes HB
no hydrogen bonding
Aldehydes M & B points
Melting and boiling temperatures are generally higher than similar hydrocarbons, but lower than similar alcohols.
Aldehydes solubility
Soluble in water, but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.
ketones polarity
Slightly polar
ketones hydrogen bonding
N/A
Ketones solubility
souble in water
ketones M & B points
Melting and boiling temperatures are higher
Carboxylic acid Polarity
highly polar
CA HB
Carboxylic acids form strong hydrogen bonds
CA Solubility
Soluble in water
CA M&B Points
Very high melting and boiling temperatures because of hydrogen bonding.
Esthers Polarity
Slightly polar
Esthers HB
N/A
Esthers Solubility
Soluble in polar and non-polar compounds.
Esthers M & B Points
Melting and boiling points are slightly higher than similar hydrocarbon
amines polarity
Compounds are usually polar due to the polar covalent bond between nitrogen and hydrogen.
amines HB
Compounds are usually polar due to the polar covalent bond between nitrogen and hydrogen.
Amines solubility
Soluble in water
Amines M & B points
Higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to hydrocarbons
amides polarity
highly poalr
amides hydrogen bonding
strong
amides soulbility
souble in water
amides M & B points
Simple amides have higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to similar carboxylic acids
What is common knowledge about commpounds that contain nitrogen or oxygen
Molecules that contain nitrogen and/or oxygen have:
~ higher boiling temperatures
~ are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon atoms
what is true about small polar compounds
Small polar compounds are highly soluble in water, but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.
what the main concern when dealing with organic compunds
When working with organic compounds, the main health and safety concerns are with the flammability and toxic properties of many organic compounds
what should you do to protect yourself
~ read WHMIS and MSDS
~ work in well ventilated area
~ use hot plate near flammable substances
~ where appriote PPE
what are addition reactions
when you start off with a double or triple bond and add a compound
what are elmination reactions
when you take an organic compund remove water and turn it into a double or triple bond
what are subsitution reactions
when the compund being added switches with the compoud at the end of the organic molecule
what are condensation reactions
when the organic molecule loses water components and becomes one big molecule and adds water
what are hydrolysis reactions
the oposite of condensation this is when a parts of water are added to split a molecule into 2 smaller molecules
An ester can be produced in a condensation reaction between:
a) two alcohols
b) an ether and an alcohol
c) a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
d) two carboxylic acids
a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
what is combustion
Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction where a substance (fuel) reacts with oxygen to produce compounds called oxides, and large amounts of heat and light.
what are two common fuels for combustion reactions
gasoline, kerosene, natural gas, candle wax, methanol and ethonal
what happens in a complete combustion
In a complete combustion of an organic compound, carbon dioxide gas and water are the only products.
when does incomplete combustion occur
If there is not enough oxygen present, incomplete combustion will take place
what is produced in an imcompleted combustion
C
CO
CO2
H2O
products for complete combustion
H2O
CO2
what is estherfication
Esterification is the name given to the process used to produce an ester.
what do they make
Many naturally occurring esters are responsible for the pleasant, characteristic smells of various fruits.
what is an example of estherfication
CH3COOH which is ethanoic
what polymers
A polymer is a very long organic molecule that is made by linking together main small molecules, called monomers.
what is an example of POLYMER
Polyethene, often called polyethylene, is a polymer created by joining ethene monomers together by an addition reaction.
What does propyl ethanoate smell like
Pear
What does pentyl ethnoate smell like
Banana
