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Chemistry 4C > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do food processors call organic

A

Food producers use the term “organic” to identify food grown without the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and other synthetic chemical

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2
Q

what does organic actually mean

A

the term organic referred to anything that is or has been alive, so technically all fruits and vegetables are organic

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3
Q

what are organic compounds made of

A

Organic compounds are carbon-based compounds usually featuring carbon-carbon, and carbon-hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

what is organic chemistry

A

a branch of chemistry which involves the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of chemical compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

what is so unique about carbon

A

the variety of organic compounds that exist lies in the unique bonding abilities of the carbon atom.

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6
Q

what is the key to carbons great bonding abilities

A

The 4 electrons in its valance electron shell is the key to the unique bonding properties of carbon atoms.

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7
Q

what is a covelant bond

A

A covalent bond is formed when two non-metals share a pair of electrons so that each atom obtains a full valence shell of electrons—a complete octet.

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8
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

It involves an actual transfer of an electron from the metal to the non-metal.
NO SHARING ALLOWED
Ex. NaCl: Na loses an elctron and clhorine take that electron

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9
Q

what is an example of a double bond

A

CH2O has a double bond between the C and the O atoms.

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10
Q

what is an example of a triple bond

A

C2H2 has a triple bond between the two C atoms.

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11
Q

what don’t double and triple bonds do

A

single bond can twist and change shape. double and triple bonds cannot move or change the shape.

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12
Q

are bonds between carbon atoms strong

A

yes

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13
Q

non-polar covelant bond

A

In a non-polar covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the two bonded atoms

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14
Q

polar covelant bond

A

A polar covalent bond results from an unequal sharing of electrons

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15
Q

electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards it is called the atom’s electronegativity (EN).

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16
Q

what are the electronegativity rules

A

~ 0.4, then the bond is considered a non-polar covalent bond.
~ greater than 0.4 but less than 1.7, then the bond is considered a polar covalent bond.
~ greater than 1.7, then the bond is considered ionic.

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17
Q

State two bonding characteristics of carbon that help account for its ability to form so many different organic compounds.

A

~ Carbons 4 valence electrons means it needs to make 4 bonds.
• Carbons tendency to form double and triple bonds with other
carbon atoms.

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18
Q

what is a molecule

A

An organic compound consists of a group of atoms covalently bonded together in a fixed ratio

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19
Q

what is the expanded molecular formula

A

Similar to the molecular formula, but an expanded molecular formula, also shows the order the atoms appear in the molecule.

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20
Q

what is the structural molucular formula

A

The structural formula is basically a simplified Lewis structure of the compound, without showing the non-bonding pairs of electrons.

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21
Q

what is a functional group

A

A functional group is a group of atoms, which react in a specific way and determine the reactivity of a compound.

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22
Q

what are isomers

A

Two compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas

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23
Q

what are simplest types of organic compounds and give examples

A

The simplest types of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, propane, and natural gas, are commonly used as fuels.

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24
Q

what alkanes (2)

A

~ Alkanes are hydrocarbon chains with single bonds between all carbon atoms.
~ Alkanes are termed “saturated”, which means they have the maximum number of attached hydrogen atoms.

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25
Q

example of a alkane

A

propane C3H8

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26
Q

what are alkenes (3)

A

~ Alkenes are hydrocarbon compounds that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
~ The double bond creates a site for chemical reactions,
~ Alkenes can be identified by their “ene” suffix in their name

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27
Q

which is more reactive alkanes or alkenes

A

alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

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28
Q

what is an example of an alkene

A

propene C3H6

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29
Q

what are alkynes

A

~ Alkynes are hydrocarbon compounds having at least one triple bond between tow carbon atoms.
~ The triple bond is less stable than a single, or double bond, making alkynes more reactive than alkanes, and alkenes.
~ suffix of yne

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30
Q

example of alkynes

A

propyne C3H4

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31
Q

of carbons in the chain: meth

A

1

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32
Q

of carbons in the chain: dec

A

10

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33
Q

of carbons in the chain: non

A

9

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34
Q

of carbons in the chain: oct

A

8

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35
Q

of carbons in the chain: but

A

4

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36
Q

of carbons in the chain: pent

A

5

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37
Q

of carbons in the chain: eth

A

2

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38
Q

of carbons in the chain: hept

A

7

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39
Q

of carbons in the chain: prop

A

3

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40
Q

suffix “ane”

A

at least 1 bond between carbon atoms

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41
Q

suffix “ene”

A

at least 2 bonds between carbon atoms

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42
Q

suffix “yne”

A

at least 3 bonds between carbon atoms

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43
Q

how do you change the properties in the compound

A

Just the addition of oxygen or nitrogen to a molecule can greatly change the properties of the compound.

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44
Q

intramolecular forces

A

Ionic and covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule are often referred to as intramolecular forces. (highways in the state)

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45
Q

intermolecular forces

A

Attractive and repulsive forces between molecules are called intermolecular forces (interstate that goes across the USA)

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46
Q

what do intermolecular forces detrmine

A

determine the physical properties of a compound, such as melting point, boiling point, and solubility

47
Q

Dispersion forces

A

Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces between all covalent molecules.

48
Q

what forces are found in non-polar compounds

A

intermolecular forces

49
Q

what is the rule with dispersion forces

A

The strength of the forces increases as the size of the molecule increases.

50
Q

dipol-dipole forces

A

when the positive side of a polar molecule attracts the negative side of another polar molecule

51
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

A hydrogen bond is a strong dipole-dipole force between a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent compound, and a highly electronegative atom

52
Q

which atoms can be found in a hydrogen bond

A

oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, on an adjacent molecule.

53
Q

Rank the three types of intermolecular forces from weakest to strongest.

A

Dispersion
Dipole-Dipole
Hydrogen bonding

54
Q

what is solubility

A

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, such as water.

55
Q

what is the like dissolve like rule

A

This means that polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents, and non-polar compounds dissolve in non-polar solvents.

56
Q

what are the melting points and boling points for dispersion forces

A

non-polar compounds have relatively low boiling and melting points

57
Q

What kind of melting and boling pints do polar bonds have

A

~ The increase in attractive forces between polar molecules requires more energy to separate the molecules.
~ This means that polar compounds generally have higher boiling and melting points than non-polar compounds.

58
Q

HydroCarbond Polarity

A

Non-polar

59
Q

Hydrocarbons HB

A

No hydrogen bonding.

60
Q

Hydrocarbons souliblity

A

Very low solubility in water, and other non-polar solvents.

61
Q

hydrocarbon M & B points

A

Relatively low melting and boiling temperatures, because of weak intermolecular forces. Smaller compounds are gases at room temperature.

62
Q

hydrocarbons OP

A

Flammable

63
Q

alcohols polarity

A

highly polar

64
Q

alchols HB

A

Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules, and water

65
Q

alcohols Solubility

A

highly souluble in water

66
Q

alchols M & B points

A

Higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to hydrocarbons with the same number of carbons, due to hydrogen bonds.

67
Q

aldehydes POC

A

slightly polar

68
Q

Aldehydes HB

A

no hydrogen bonding

69
Q

Aldehydes M & B points

A

Melting and boiling temperatures are generally higher than similar hydrocarbons, but lower than similar alcohols.

70
Q

Aldehydes solubility

A

Soluble in water, but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.

71
Q

ketones polarity

A

Slightly polar

72
Q

ketones hydrogen bonding

A

N/A

73
Q

Ketones solubility

A

souble in water

74
Q

ketones M & B points

A

Melting and boiling temperatures are higher

75
Q

Carboxylic acid Polarity

A

highly polar

76
Q

CA HB

A

Carboxylic acids form strong hydrogen bonds

77
Q

CA Solubility

A

Soluble in water

78
Q

CA M&B Points

A

Very high melting and boiling temperatures because of hydrogen bonding.

79
Q

Esthers Polarity

A

Slightly polar

80
Q

Esthers HB

A

N/A

81
Q

Esthers Solubility

A

Soluble in polar and non-polar compounds.

82
Q

Esthers M & B Points

A

Melting and boiling points are slightly higher than similar hydrocarbon

83
Q

amines polarity

A

Compounds are usually polar due to the polar covalent bond between nitrogen and hydrogen.

84
Q

amines HB

A

Compounds are usually polar due to the polar covalent bond between nitrogen and hydrogen.

85
Q

Amines solubility

A

Soluble in water

86
Q

Amines M & B points

A

Higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to hydrocarbons

87
Q

amides polarity

A

highly poalr

88
Q

amides hydrogen bonding

A

strong

89
Q

amides soulbility

A

souble in water

90
Q

amides M & B points

A

Simple amides have higher melting and boiling temperatures compared to similar carboxylic acids

91
Q

What is common knowledge about commpounds that contain nitrogen or oxygen

A

Molecules that contain nitrogen and/or oxygen have:
~ higher boiling temperatures
~ are more soluble in water than hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon atoms

92
Q

what is true about small polar compounds

A

Small polar compounds are highly soluble in water, but solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms in the molecule increases.

93
Q

what the main concern when dealing with organic compunds

A

When working with organic compounds, the main health and safety concerns are with the flammability and toxic properties of many organic compounds

94
Q

what should you do to protect yourself

A

~ read WHMIS and MSDS
~ work in well ventilated area
~ use hot plate near flammable substances
~ where appriote PPE

95
Q

what are addition reactions

A

when you start off with a double or triple bond and add a compound

96
Q

what are elmination reactions

A

when you take an organic compund remove water and turn it into a double or triple bond

97
Q

what are subsitution reactions

A

when the compund being added switches with the compoud at the end of the organic molecule

98
Q

what are condensation reactions

A

when the organic molecule loses water components and becomes one big molecule and adds water

99
Q

what are hydrolysis reactions

A

the oposite of condensation this is when a parts of water are added to split a molecule into 2 smaller molecules

100
Q

An ester can be produced in a condensation reaction between:

a) two alcohols
b) an ether and an alcohol
c) a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
d) two carboxylic acids

A

a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

101
Q

what is combustion

A

Combustion is a rapid chemical reaction where a substance (fuel) reacts with oxygen to produce compounds called oxides, and large amounts of heat and light.

102
Q

what are two common fuels for combustion reactions

A

gasoline, kerosene, natural gas, candle wax, methanol and ethonal

103
Q

what happens in a complete combustion

A

In a complete combustion of an organic compound, carbon dioxide gas and water are the only products.

104
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur

A

If there is not enough oxygen present, incomplete combustion will take place

105
Q

what is produced in an imcompleted combustion

A

C
CO
CO2
H2O

106
Q

products for complete combustion

A

H2O

CO2

107
Q

what is estherfication

A

Esterification is the name given to the process used to produce an ester.

108
Q

what do they make

A

Many naturally occurring esters are responsible for the pleasant, characteristic smells of various fruits.

109
Q

what is an example of estherfication

A

CH3COOH which is ethanoic

110
Q

what polymers

A

A polymer is a very long organic molecule that is made by linking together main small molecules, called monomers.

111
Q

what is an example of POLYMER

A

Polyethene, often called polyethylene, is a polymer created by joining ethene monomers together by an addition reaction.

112
Q

What does propyl ethanoate smell like

A

Pear

113
Q

What does pentyl ethnoate smell like

A

Banana

Chemistry 4C (5 decks)

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