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Chemistry 4C > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is matter

A

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Ex. Dog

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2
Q

what is a pure substance

A

A pure substance: all parts of the substance are the same and its properties remain constant.
EX.
~ Aluminium
~ sodium chloride

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3
Q

pure substances are divided into

A

Elements: Al, N, C, O
Compounds: H20, CO2

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4
Q

what are the two types of mixtures

A

heterogeneous: all the different parts can be seen
Ex. salsa
homogeneous: all parts look the same
Ex. Milk

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5
Q

when does pop become homogenous

A

when is goes flat as all carbon dioxide is dissolved. it is now only liquid instead of liquid and gas

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6
Q

what is an atom

A

The atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist on its own

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7
Q

what 3 parts are atoms made up of

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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8
Q

where are the protons, neutrons, electrons

A

The protons and neutrons form the dense nucleus in the center of the atom, while the electrons travel around the nucleus of the atom in paths called orbits.

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9
Q

what happens if an atom loses or gain an electron it becomes what

A

ion

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10
Q

what happens when ions lose electrons

A

they become a cation

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11
Q

what happens when ions gain electrons

A

they become a anion

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12
Q

how to calculate neutrons

A

mass # - atomic # = neutrons

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13
Q

what are isotopes

A

Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, and therefore have a different mass number.

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14
Q

give an example of an isotope

A

The element carbon has 3 isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14. All carbon atoms have 6 protons, therefore carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.

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15
Q

what is a radioisotope

A

-atom with unstable nucleous
-the atom undergoes radioactive decay
- this creates gamma rays
Ex. Hydrogen-3

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16
Q

Where are the electrons found in the atom?

a. in the nucleus
b. evenly spaced in and around the nucleus
c. randomly spaced but usually closer to the nucleus
d. in orbits which are outside the nucleus

A

d. in orbits which are outside the nucleus

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17
Q

An ion is an atom that has gained or lost which subatomic particle?

a. neutron
b. electron
c. proton
d. scantron

A

b. electron

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18
Q

how do labels work for WHMIS

A
  • 0-4 on danger
  • uses coloured bars to show health, flammability, and physical hazards risks
  • use a letter to show what PPE is required
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19
Q

what is found on MSDS (3 things)

A
  • product Information
  • hazardous Ingredients
  • physical properties
  • fire and explosion risks
  • reactivity data and health hazards
  • preventative measures
  • first aid measures
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20
Q

what is a big part of chemistry

A

the study of changes that occur in substances

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21
Q

what are the two types of changes

A

physical and chemical

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22
Q

what is physical change

A

Physical changes are changes that do not produce a new substance

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23
Q

what is an example of physical change

A

the change in state from solid to liquid when ice melts, or when a piece of copper wire is bent.

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24
Q

what is a chemical change and give 3 sign that a chemical change has taken place

A

result in the formation of a new substance with new physical and chemical properties

  • change in colour
  • heat is released (exothermic)
  • heat is absorbed (endothermic)
  • light is produced
  • a precipitate forms
  • a gas is produced (bubbles) without heating
  • a change in odour
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25
Q

what is the law of conservation of mass

A

This law states that matter cannot be created, or destroyed, during a chemical reaction. All the atoms present in the reactants must also be present in the products.

26
Q

how do u uyse the activity series and when

A

Single Displacement

The lone element most be more reactive than the front element in the compound

27
Q

what is qualitive analysis

A

a branch of chemistry that involves identifying elements, ions, and compounds in unknown samples

28
Q

what is the spectrum of visable light

A

It is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes ultraviolet, infrared, microwave, and other forms of radiation.

29
Q

what is an example of the visable light spectrum

A

Sunlight passing through a haze of raindrops during a rain shower will separate out into a rainbow of colours.

30
Q

what is the spectrum emitted from visable light look like

A

a continuous spectrum where each colour blends into each other with no spaces between.

31
Q

what happens when electrons get excited by heat or electricity

A

the energy is eventually released in the form of light energy.

32
Q

what is that light energy called

A

the element’s emission spectrum, and each element has a unique emission spectrum

33
Q

is the emission spectrum a continuous rainbow

A

the emission spectrum of an element is not a continuous rainbow of colours, but distinct bands, referred to as a line spectrum.

34
Q

how is the emission spectrum helpful

A

Since each element has a unique emission spectrum, an element’s emission spectrum can be used to identify elements in an unknown sample.

35
Q

what instrument is used to get the emission spectrum

A

spectroscope

36
Q

how does a spectroscope work

A

the spectroscope separates incoming light into its different components using a prism and the resulting spectrum is reflected onto a scale of wavelengths where the spectrum can be observed.

37
Q

what is a flame test used for

A

used to identify certain metal ions

38
Q

how is a flame test conducted

A
  • the sample being tested is held in the flame
  • the colour of the flame determines what metal ion it is
  • each metal produces a different coloured flame dpending on their emission spectrum
39
Q

what colour flame does copper produce

A

blue green

40
Q

what colour flame does iron produce

A

gold

41
Q

what colour flame does potassium produce

A

pink

42
Q

what are the pros of flame tests

A

they are fast and easy

43
Q

what are the drawbacks of flame tests

A
  • they can only detect certain elements
  • they rely on making a subjective judgement on the colour of the flame, and some elements emit similarly coloured flames
44
Q

what is a great example if coloured flames being created from different metal ions

A

fireworks

45
Q

are flame tests and precipatation tests used anymore

A

not really as high tech spectrometers are used

46
Q

what are precipation tests based on

A

on the fact that cations, (positive ions) form compounds that are either soluble in water or insoluble (do not dissolve), depending on the type of anion (negative ion) present in a solution.

47
Q

how does the precipatation test work

A
  • they make a guess as to which chemicals may be in the substance
  • they test to see if the solution is souble or not
  • they add a solute and then watch what happens
  • depending on what the solution does will determine what chemical is present
48
Q

who was Neils Bohr

A

a scientist who made his main discoveries around 1913 and he was danish

49
Q

what did the Rutherford Atomic Theory propose

A

that an atom consists of a central positive nucleus, with electrons moving anywhere around the nucleus.

50
Q

what could Bohr see from studying the hydrogen atoms atomic semission spectrum

A

By observing the four spectral lines in hydrogen’s emission spectrum, Bohr could calculate how far away these energy levels would be from the nucleus.

51
Q

what did Max Planck propose in 1900

A

that at the atomic level, matter could only absorb or emit discrete quantities of energy, called a quantum of energy

52
Q

what did Albert Eiesten propose in 1905

A

that light occurs as quanta of electromagnetic energy that have particle-like properties. He called the particle-like “packets” of energy, photons.

53
Q

Explain the mouse concept in regardes to atoms energy

A

If a mouse were climbing the stairs, it could go from stair 1 to stair 2 with a quantum leap, or even from stair 1 to stair 3 if it was a really energetic mouse.

But if the mouse were to climb the railing or banister it could move up at any increment, even 0.1 mm or 1.73 mm further up since the railing is not “quantized” but continuous.

When an atom is “excited” its electrons absorb “packages” (photons) of energy and “jump” to higher energy levels. Then these excited electrons quickly lose the energy and emit this energy as light of a certain colour.

54
Q

what was the problem with bohrs model

A

successfully explained the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom, and ions with only one electron, but it could not explain the emission spectra of atoms with multiple electrons.

55
Q

What is lab-on-a-chip

A

Lab-on-a-chip technology could be used to create microscale test clips that healthcare workers in poorly equiped medical clinics can use to diagnose various infectuous and other diseases, without the need for expensive laboratory equipment.

56
Q

Atom vs ion

A

Atom is neutral

Ion has a positive or negative charge

57
Q

What is chemistry

A

Chemistry is the study of matter and it’s changes

58
Q

What is a solution

A

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

59
Q

What does WHMIS stand for

A 
Workplace
Hazardous
MATRIEL
Information 
System
60
Q

What does MSDS stand for

A

MATRIEL
Safety
Data
Sheet

61
Q

What is the standard gas test

A

You light a splint on fire and put it in a test tube with the below gases and see what it does

  • CO2 goes out/lime water test (water goes cloudy)
  • H2 pops
  • O2 relights (glowing ember)
62
Q

Give three examples of the flame test

A

Copper - blue green
Iron - gold
Lithium - red

Chemistry 4C (5 decks)

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