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BIO 141 - Human Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Consists of nerve fibers that carry information between the CNS and the other parts of the body (periphery)

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3
Q

Afferent division

A

Carries information to the CNS about the external environment and the status of internal activities being regulated by the nervous system

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4
Q

Efferent division

A

Transmits instructions from the CNS to effector organs - muscles and glands that carry out the orders to bring about the desired effect

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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Consists of the fibers of motor neurons that supply the skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Consists of fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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7
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

A

Innervate most of the organs supplied by the autonomic system

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8
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Extensive nerve network in the wall of the digestive tract

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9
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Lie primarily in the PNS. Shaped different than efferent neurons and interneurons. Has a sensory receptor at its peripheral ending. Cell body devoid of dendrites and presynaptic inputs

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10
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Generates action potentials in response to a particular type of stimulus

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11
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Lie primarily in the PNS. Cell bodies originate in the CNS. Many presynaptic inputs converge on them to influence their outputs to effector organs.

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12
Q

Interneuron

A

99% of all neurons are interneurons (100 billion). Lie between the afferent and efferent neurons and integrate peripheral information to peripheral responses.

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13
Q

Glial cells (neuroglia)

A

90% of the cells in the CNS. Don’t initiate or conduct nerve impulses. Communicate with neurons and among themselves through chemical means

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14
Q

Astrocyte

A

Most abundant glial cell. Glue that holds the neurons together. Induce the capillaries of the brain to establish the blood-brain barrier. Transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons. Help repair brain injuries. Take up and degrade local NTs. Take up excess potassium in the brain. Enhance synaptic formation and modify synaptic transmission.

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15
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Form insulative myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.

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16
Q

Microglia

A

Immune defense cells of the CNS. Release nerve growth factor

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17
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the internal, fluid-filled cavaties of the CNS. Serve as neural stem cells that can form new glial cells and neurons. Help in formation of cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Name 4 things that help protect the CNS from injury

A

1) It’s enclosed by hard, bony structures - the cranium encases the brain and the vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord, 2) the meninges lie between the bony covering and the nervous tissue, 3) the brain floats in a special cushioning fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and 4) a highly selective blood-brain barrier limits the access of blood borne materials into the vulnerable brain tissue.

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19
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough, inelastic covering that consists of two layers

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20
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Delicate, richly vascularized layer with a cobwebby appearance

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21
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer. Highly vascular and closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Acts as a strong, shock absorbing fluid that prevents the brain from bumping against the skull

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23
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

Found in particular regions of the ventricles in the brain. Consist of richly vascularized, cauliflower-like masses of pia mater tissue that dip into pockets formed by ependymal cells

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24
Q

Cognition

A

The act or process of “knowing”, including awareness and judgement

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25
Q

Brain stem

A

Oldest part of the brain. Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Controls many life-sustaining processes like respiration, circulation, and digestion (vegetative functions). Origin of most peripheral cranial nerves. Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord. Arousal and activation of cerebral cortex. Role in sleep-wake cycle.

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26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Attached at the top rear portion of the brain stem. Helps maintain proper position of the body in space and subconscious coordination of motor activity (movement). Helps in learning skilled motor tasks

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27
Q

Diencephalon

A

Tucked into the interior of the cerebellum. Consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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28
Q

Thalamus

A

Performs some primitive sensory processing

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls many homeostatic functions important in maintaining stability of the internal environment

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30
Q

Cerebrum

A

Outer part of the brain consisting of the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei

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31
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum which caps an inner core that houses the basal nuclei. Plays key role in the most sophiticated neural functions - voluntary initiation of movement, final sensory perception, conscious thought, language, personality traits, and other factors we associate with the mind or intellect

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32
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Inner core of cerebrum surrounded by the cerebral cortex. Responsible for the inhibition of muscle tone, the coordination of sustained movements, and the suppression of useless patterns of movement

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33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Thick band consisting of around 300 million neuronal axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. Acts as the bodies “information superhighway” between the left and right brains

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34
Q

Gray matter

A

Thin outer shell of cerebrum. Consists mostly of densely packed neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites, in addition to most glial cells

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35
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the inner part of the cerebrum

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36
Q

Gyri

A

Wrinkles in the surface of the cerebral cortex that are densely packed with neurons

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37
Q

Sulci

A

Deeper crevices in the cerebral cortex that divide the cerebrum into sections or lobes

38
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Located at the back of the head. Carry out the initial processing of visual input

39
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Located on the sides of the head. Carry out the initial processing of auditory stimuli

40
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Located at the rear of the central sulcus on each side. Responsible for receiving and processing sensory input.

41
Q

Central sulcus

A

Deep infolding in the cerebral cortex that runs roughly down the middle of the lateral surface of each hemisphere

42
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Located at the front of the central sulcus. Responsible for voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, and elaboration of thought

43
Q

Somesthetic sensations

A

Sensations from the surface of the body such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.

44
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Located at the front portion of each parietal lobe. Site for initial cortical processing and perception of both somesthetic and proprioceptive input.

45
Q

Proprioception

A

Awareness of body position

46
Q

Homunculus

A

Distorted “little man” image that depicts how much the sensory and motor portions of the brain are allocated to different parts of the body

47
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in the left frontal lobe in close association with the motor areas of the cortex that control the muscles necessary for speaking. Governs speaking ability. Damage causes failure of word formation

48
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in the left cortex at the juncture of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Concerned with language comprehension. Damage causes difficulty in understanding words we see or hear - can speak fluently, but words make no sense

49
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Voluntary control over movement produced by skeletal muscles

50
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Involved in coordination of complex movements

51
Q

Limbic association cortex

A

Involved in memory, emotion, and motivation

52
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability of the brain to change or be functionally remodeled in response to the demands placed on it

53
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere

A

Excels in logical, analytical, sequential, and verbal tasks such as math, language forms, and philosophy

54
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere

A

Excels in nonlanguage skills, especially spatial perception and artistic and musical talents

55
Q

Subcortical regions

A

Interact extensively with the cortex in the performance of their functions. Includes the basal nuclei, thalamus, and hypothalamus

56
Q

Limbic system

A

Plays a central role in all aspects of emotion. Includes portions of the cerebral cortex, the basal nuclei, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Also includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb

57
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus

58
Q

Sensitization

A

Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a noxious or strong stimulus

59
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Important for maintaining balance and controls eye movements

60
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Enhances muscle tone and coordinated skills, voluntary movements

61
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Plays a role in planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas

62
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem and supply structures in the head and neck with both sensory and motor fibers

63
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Most branches of this nerve supply organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Major nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Reticular formation

A

A widespread network of interconnected neurons that runs throughout the entire brain stem and into the thalamus. Receives and integrates all incoming sensory synaptic input

65
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Controls the overall degree of cortical alertness and is important in the ability to direct attention

66
Q

Spinal cord

A

Long, slender cylinder of nerve tissue that extends from the brain stem

67
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Bundle of nerve fibers that transmit afferent input signals from the spinal cord to the brain

68
Q

Descending tracts

A

Relay messages from the brain to efferent neurons

69
Q

Dorsal horn

A

(Posterior) Contains cell bodies of interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate

70
Q

Ventral horn

A

(Anterior) Contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles

71
Q

Lateral horn

A

Autonomic nerve fibers supplying cardiac and smooth muscle and exocrine glands originate at cell bodies found in the lateral horn

72
Q

Dorsal root

A

Afferent fibers carrying incoming signals from peripheral receptors enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root

73
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Clusters of afferent neurons at each level of spinal cord

74
Q

Ventral root

A

The cell bodies for the efferent neurons originate in the grey matter and send axons out through the ventral root

75
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Where dorsal and ventral roots at each level of the spine join and emerge from the vertebral column

76
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of neuronal axons, both afferent and efferent, enclosed by connective tissue covering and following the same pathway

77
Q

Dermatome

A

Each spinal nerve carries sensory fibers from a particular region on the body surface called a dermatome

78
Q

Reflex

A

Any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort

79
Q

Simple (basic) reflexes

A

Built-in, unlearned responses

80
Q

Acquired (conditioned) reflexes

A

Result from practice or learning

81
Q

Reflex arc

A

The neural pathway involved in accomplishing reflex activity

82
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Responds to a particular stimulus

83
Q

Stimulus

A

A detectable physical or chemical change in the environment of the receptor

84
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Relays the action potential produced by a receptor to the integrating center

85
Q

Integrating center

A

Processes the information sent by the receptor and determines appropriate response to be transmitted through the efferent pathway

86
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Carries the message from the integrating center to the effector organ

87
Q

Effector

A

(Muscle or gland) Carries out the desired response to the original stimulus.

88
Q

Spinal reflex

A

All of the components necessary for linking afferent input to an efferent response are present within the spinal cord

89
Q

Monosynaptic

A

Only synapse in the reflex arc is the one between the afferent neuron and the efferent neuron

90
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Interneurons are interposed in the reflex pathway causing a number of synapses to be involved

BIO 141 - Human Physiology (3 decks)

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