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BIO 141 - Human Physiology > UNIT 1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

enzyme

A

Molecule that speeds up a particular chemical reaction in the body

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2
Q

intra-

A

within

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3
Q

extra-

A

outside

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4
Q

endo-

A

inside, inner

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5
Q

exo-

A

outside, outer

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6
Q

secretion

A

Release to a cell’s exterior, on appropriate stimulation, of substances produced by the cell

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7
Q

exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete through ducts to the outside of the body or into a cavity that communicates with the outside

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8
Q

endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood

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9
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

The fluid collectively contained within all of the body cells

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10
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

All the fluid outside the cells of the body; consists of interstitial fluid and plasma

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11
Q

interstitial fluid

A

The portion of the extracellular fluid that surrounds and bathes all the body cells

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12
Q

plasma

A

The liquid portion of the blood

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13
Q

stem cells

A

Relatively undifferentiated cells that can give rise to highly differentiated, specialized cells while at the same time making new stem cells

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14
Q

variables

A

Something that varies or have no fixed quantitative value

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15
Q

homeostasis

A

Maintenance by the highly coordinated, regulated actions of the body systems or relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in the internal fluid environment that bathes the body cells

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16
Q

homeostatic control system

A

A regulatory system that includes a sensor, integrator, and effectors that work together to bring about a corrective adjustment that opposes an original deviation from a normal set point

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17
Q

intrinsic

A

Situated within or belonging solely to the organ or body part on which it acts

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18
Q

extrinsic

A

Originating from the outside, external

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19
Q

feedback

A

A response that occurs after a change has been detected; may be negative feedback or positive feedback

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20
Q

negative feedback

A

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change, thus maintaining a relatively steady set point for the regulated factor

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21
Q

positive feedback

A

A regulatory mechanism in which the input and the output in a control system continue to enhance each other so that the controlled variable is progressively moved farther from a steady state

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22
Q

feedforward

A

An element or pathway within a control system which passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment, often a command signal from an external operator, to a load elsewhere in its external environment

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23
Q

sensor

A

The component of a control system that monitors the magnitude of the controlled variable

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24
Q

set point

A

The desired level at which homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a controlled variable

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25
Q

integrator

A

A region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input; also called a control center

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26
Q

effector

A

The component of a control system that accomplishes the output commanded by the integrator

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27
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

A protein-studded lipid bilayer that encloses each cell, separating it from the extracellular fluid

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28
Q

nucleus (of a cell)

A

A distinct spherical structure, usually located near the center of a cell, that contains the cell’s genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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29
Q

membranous organelle

A

Have a phospholipid bilayer and typically some sort of hollow center. This allows separation of elements in space and time and for more specialization. The organelles include the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and, in plants, chloroplasts

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30
Q

nonmembranous organelle

A

Do not have a phospholipid bilayer so they are in direct contact with the cytosol

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31
Q

vesicles

A

A small, intracellular, fluid-filled, membrane enclosed sac

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32
Q

exocytosis

A

Fusion of a membrane-enlosed intracellular vesicle with the plasma membrane, followed by the opening of the vesicle and the emptying of its contents to the outside

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33
Q

endocytosis

A

Internalization of extracellular material within a cell as a result of the plasma membrane forming a pouch that contains the extracellular material, then sealing at the surface of the pouch to form an endocytic vesicle

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34
Q

hydrolysis

A

The digestion of a nutrient molecule by the addition of water at the bond cite

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35
Q

phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which large, multimolecular, solid particles are engulfed by a cell

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36
Q

oxidation

A

A chemical reaction in which there is the loss of electrons or gain (or increase in the proportion) of oxygen, hence, resulting in an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion

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37
Q

reduction

A

Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.The act of reducing complexity.The change in the atomic composition of an atom / molecule by adding hydrogen, losing oxygen, or gaining electrons

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38
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The entire process of mitochondrial biochemical reactions that uses oxygen to extract energy from the nutrients in food and tranforms it into ATP, producing CO2 and H2O in the process; includes the electron transport system and chemiosmosis

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39
Q

aerobic

A

Referring to condition in which oxygen is available

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40
Q

anaerobic

A

Referring to a condition in which oxygen is not present

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41
Q

transport proteins (carrier molecules)

A

Membrane proteins that, by undergoing reversible changes in shape so that specific binding sites are alternatively exposed at either side of the membrane, can bind with and transfer particular substances unable to cross the plasma membrane on their own

42
Q

receptor

A

Membrane protein that binds with a specific extracellular chemical messenger, bringing about membrane and intracellular events that alter the activity of the particular cell

43
Q

junctions

A

Cell junctions consist of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. They also build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues

44
Q

passive (force)

A

A force that does not require the expenditure of cellular energy to accomplish transport of a substance across the plasma membrane

45
Q

active (force)

A

A force that requires the expenditure of cellular energy (ATP) in the transport of a substance across the plasma membrane

46
Q

solution

A

A type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances (the solute) are distributed uniformly throughout another substance (the solvent)

47
Q

solvent

A

A liquid in which substances (or solutes) are dissolved forming a solution

48
Q

solute

A

A component of a solution: in a solution, the dissolving substance is called a solvent whereas the dissolved substance is called a solute

49
Q

concentration

A

The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution

50
Q

gradient

A

The rate at which a physical quantity, such as temperature or pressure, changes relative to change in a given variable, especially distance. A series of progressively increasing or decreasing differences in the growth rate, metabolism, or physiological activity of a cell, an organ, or an organism

51
Q

concentration (chemical) gradient

A

A difference in concentration of a particular substance between two adjacent areas

52
Q

electrical gradient

A

A difference in electrical charge between two adjacent areas

53
Q

diffusion

A

Random collisions and intermingling of molecules as a result of their continuous thermally induced random motion

54
Q

osmosis

A

Movement of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient toward the area of higher solute concentration

55
Q

isotonic (solution)

A

Having the same concentration of solutes as the blood: an isotonic saline solution

56
Q

hypotonic (solution)

A

A solution with osmolarity less than that of normal body fluids; more dilute than normal

57
Q

hypertonic (solution)

A

A solution with osmolarity greater than that of normal body fluids; more concentrated than normal

58
Q

primary active transport

A

A carrier-mediated transport system in which energy is directly required to operate the carrier and move the transported substance against its concentration gradient

59
Q

secondary active transport

A

A transport mechanism in which a carrier molecule for glucose or an amino acid is driven by a Na+ concentration gradient established by the energy-dependant Na+-K+ pump to transfer the glucose or amino acid uphill without directly expending energy to operate the carrier

60
Q

cotransporter (symporter)

A

The form of secondary active transport in which the driving ion and transported solute move in the same direction across the plasma membrane

61
Q

antiporter (countertranporter)

A

The form of secondary active transport in which the driving ion and transported solute move in opposite directions across the plasma membranes

62
Q

vesicular transport

A

Movement of large molecules or multimolecular materials into or out of the cell within a vesicle, as in endo- or exocytosis

63
Q

membrane potential

A

A separation of charges across the membrane; a slight excess of negative charges lined up along the inside of the plasma membrane and separated from a slight excess of positive charges on the outside

64
Q

millivolt (mV)

A

One thousandth of a volt

65
Q

leak channels

A

Unregulated, ungated channels that are open all the time

66
Q

voltage gated channels

A

Channels in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to changes in the membrane potential

67
Q

chemically gated channels

A

Channels in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to the binding of a specific chemical messenger with a membrane receptor site that is in close association with the channel

68
Q

net (as in net movement or net gain)

A

The difference between the opposing movements of two types of molecules in a solution

69
Q

polarization

A

The state of having membrane potential

70
Q

depolarization

A

A reduction in membrane potential from resting potential; movement in the potential from resting toward 0 mV

71
Q

repolarization

A

Return of a membrane potential to resting potential following a depolarization

72
Q

hyperpolarization

A

An increase in membrane potential from resting potential; potential becomes even more negative than resting potential

73
Q

action potential

A

A brief, rapid, large change in membrane potential that serves as a long distance electrical signal in an excitable cell

74
Q

graded potential

A

A local change in membrane potential that occurs in varying grades of magnitude; serves as a short distance signal in excitable tissues

75
Q

neuron

A

A nerve cell specialized to initiate, propagate, and transmit electrical signals, typically consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

76
Q

cell body

A

The portion of the neuron that houses the nucleus and organelles

77
Q

dendrites

A

Projections from the surface of a neuon’s cell body that carry signals toward the cell body

78
Q

axon (nerve fiber)

A

A single, elongated tubular extension of a neuron that conducts potentials away from the cell body; also known as a nerve fiber

79
Q

axon hillock

A

The first portion of a neuronal axon plus the region of the cell body from which the axon leaves; the site of action potential initiation in most neurons

80
Q

synaptic terminal (axon terminal, etc.)

A

The branched endings of a neural axon, which release a neurotransmitter that influences target cells in close association with the axon terminals

81
Q

refractory period (absolute, relative)

A

The time period when a recently activated patch of membrane is refractory (unresponsive) to further stimulation, which prevents the action potential from spreading backward into the area through which it has just passed and ensures the unidirectional propagation of the action potential away from the initial site of activation

82
Q

myelin

A

An insulative lipid covering that surrounds myelinated nerve fibers at regular intervals along the axon’s length; each patch of myelin is formed by a separate myelin-forming cell that wraps itself jelly-roll fashion around the neuronal axon

83
Q

nodes (of Ranvier)

A

The portions of a myelinated neuronal axon between the segments of insulative myelin; the axonal regions where the axonal membrane is exposed to the ECF and membrane potential exists

84
Q

synapse

A

The specialized junction between two neurons where an action potential in the presynaptic neuron influences the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron, typically by releasing a chemical messenger that diffuses across the small cleft between the neurons

85
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential; a small depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding, bringing the membrane closer to threshold

86
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential; A small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding, thereby moving the membrane farther from threshold

87
Q

temporal summation

A

The summing of several postsynaptic potentials that occur very close together in time because of successive firing of the single presynaptic neuron

88
Q

neurotransmitter

A

The chemical messenger released from the axon terminal of a neuron in response to an action potential that influences another neuron or an effector with which the neuron is anatomically linked

89
Q

neuropeptide

A

A potent appetite stimulator secreted by the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus

90
Q

hormone

A

A long-distance chemical mediator secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood, which transports it to its target cells

91
Q

excitatory (synapse)

A

A synapse in which the nerve impulse in a presynaptic cell tend to increase the probability of the postsynaptic cell to fire an action potential

92
Q

inhibitory (synapse)

A

A synapse in which the nerve impulse in a presynaptic cell results in a reduced likelihood for a postsynaptic cell to fire an action potential

93
Q

convergence

A

The converging of many presynaptic terminals from thousands of other neurons on a single neuronal cell body and its dendrites so that activity in the single neuron is influenced by the activity of many other neurons

94
Q

divergence

A

The diverging, or branching, of a neuron’s axon terminals so that the activity in this single neuron influences the many other cells with which its terminals synapse

95
Q

signal molecules

A

An extracellular chemical messenger that initiates signal transduction in a cell

96
Q

target cell

A

The cells that a particular extracellular chemical messenger, such as a hormone or a neurotransmitter, influences

97
Q

receptor (in membrane)

A

Membrane protein that binds with a specific extracellular chemical messenger, bringing about membrane and intracellular events that alter the activity of the particular cell

98
Q

receptor-channel

A

A type of receptor that is an integral part of a channel that opens (or closes) on binding with an extracellular messenger

99
Q

ligand

A

Molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein

100
Q

lipophilic

A

Ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene

101
Q

hydrophilic

A

Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding

102
Q

spatial summation

A

The summing of several post-synaptic potentials arising from the simultaneous activation of several excitatory (or several inhibitory) synapses

BIO 141 - Human Physiology (3 decks)

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